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Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity go

A

through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves — which synapse in the pre vertebral ganglion

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2
Q

where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the head from cervical ganglia go

A

via the cephalic arterial rami to form a carotid periarterial plexu

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3
Q

What is a trochlea

A

spool like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

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4
Q

stage two of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)

A

bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within th efibrous membrane

  • osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which s mineralized within a few days
  • trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
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5
Q

what is bursae

A
  • fluid filled sac lined with serous membranes
  • tine layer of fulid secreted by the membrane
  • typically foudn in areas of friction
  • *-subcutaneous
  • *-subfascial
  • *-subrendinous
  • *-synoyial tendon sheaths
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6
Q

what is neurolemma

A

cell membrane of a schwann cells that surround an axon

  • one schwann cell to one axon
  • AND THIS IS IN THE PERIPHERAL NS
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7
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

this would be your limbs

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8
Q

What is a ipsilateral

A

same side

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9
Q

what are skin ligaments

A

small fibrous bands, extend throught the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia

  • well developed but short in palms and soles
  • -watch out for this when dissecting
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10
Q

what is pre vertebral ganglia

A

plesuses surround the main branches of the abdominal aorta ( for which they are named)
- nerves that synapse in pre vertebral ganglia typically innervated pelvic viscera ( the abdominopelvic )

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11
Q

What is a distal

A

farther from trunk or point of origin

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12
Q

What is a line

A

linear elevation

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13
Q

What is a head

A

large round articular end

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14
Q

What is a posterior ( dorsal )

A

nearer to back

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15
Q

what is myelinated

A

neurolemma wrap around

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16
Q

stage five of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)

A

ossification of the epiphyses; whencompleted, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

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17
Q

What is a median plane

A

goes front to back right down the middle of the body and the hand

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18
Q

what are cartilagionous joints

A
  • cartilage between bones
    Primary ( synchondrosis)= united by hyaline cartilage
    Secondary ( symphysis) runited by fibrocartilage intervertebral disc
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19
Q

what are periosteum

A

covering of the bone

  • outer fibrous
  • inner- osteogenic
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20
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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21
Q

What is a palmar surface ( hand )

A

the palm of your hand

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22
Q

What is a superior

A

nearer to head

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23
Q

What is a dorsal surface ( hand )

A

the back side of the hand

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24
Q

what is paravertebral ganglia

A
  • ganglion impar
  • -where both trunks unite at the coccyx
  • -only cervical ganglia have specific names
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25
Q

What are White rami communicantes

A

only in T1-T12 ( L3)

-this is where the presynaptic enters in the sympathic gangalion before it can synap

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26
Q

stage one of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)

A

formation of bone collar aroudn hyaline cartilage model

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27
Q

what does the spinal nerve divide into

A
  • posterior primary ramus

- anterior Primary ramus

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28
Q

What is a anterior ( ventral)

A

nearer to front

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29
Q

What is a capitulum

A

small round articular head

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30
Q

What is a intermediate

A

between a superficial and a deep structure

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31
Q

What is a notch

A

indentation at the edge of a bone

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32
Q

What is a proximal

A

nearer to trunk or point of origin

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33
Q

What is a mallelus

A

round process

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34
Q

what nerve is in the ventral (anterior) root

A

motor

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35
Q

what is in Anterior Primary Ramus spinal nerve

A
  • has both motor and sensory
  • larger than posterior
  • thoracic region- intercostal nn
  • cervical, lumbar, sacral regions-plexuses
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36
Q

what are visceral fiber

A
  • viscera= internal organs, physiology
  • monitor physiology(blood gases), sensory and motor to organs
  • viscera sensory (afferent) (transmit pain or visceral reflex sensations )
  • visceral motor (efferent)(transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue)
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37
Q

What is a dorsum

A

superior aspect of any part that protrudes anterior form the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis or foot

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38
Q

What is a crest

A

ridge of bone

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39
Q

What is a fundamental position

A

this is face up and with the palms facing the thighs ( radioulnar joint in neutral position)
** the feet are together at the heels

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40
Q

What is a protuberance

A

projection of bone

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41
Q

What is a fossa

A

hollow or depressed area

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42
Q

what are somatic fibers

A
  • soma= body
  • transmit sensory and motor impulses from and toward body
  • -general sensory ( afferent ) (from body to CNS)
  • -somatic motor (efferent )(output to skeletal muscles)
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43
Q

What is a facet

A

smoth flat area, usually covered with cartialge where a bone articulate with another bone

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44
Q

What is a condyle

A

rounded knuckle like articular ara often coccuring inpairs

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45
Q

What is a superficial

A

nearer to the surface

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46
Q

What is a contralateral

A

opposite side

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47
Q

Metaphysial vasculature

A

these are come neighboing systemic vessels

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48
Q

what is the periosteum rich in what nerve

A

sensory (periosteal nerves)

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49
Q

What is a foramen

A

passage through a bone

50
Q

what does the SNS cover

A 
T1-L3 ( but really if anyone asks you shoudl say T1-T12)
-T1-3=head, salivary glands 
-T1-2= eyes
-T4-6=heart, lungs, esophagus
-T7-9=stomach, liver, gallbaladder, ancrease 
-T8-10=small intestine
-T10-11= appendix, colon 
-T11-L1=kidney
T10-L1=suprarenal gland 
T12-L2= rectum, bladder, uterus
51
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

A
  • 12 cranial nerves

- 31 spinal nerves

52
Q

What is a plantar surface (feet)

A

the bottom of the foot

53
Q

What is a cranial

A

toward the head or cranium

54
Q

What is a scalpel

A

used to cut important structures

55
Q

what is unmyelinated

A

single nerolemma several axon – looks like a hot dog

56
Q

what are the axon of presynaptic neurons ( Look at and redraw!! slide 39- 43)

A
  • leave the spinal cord through anterior roots
  • enter the anterior rami or spinal nerves T1-L3
  • almost immediately enter the sympathetic trunks through white rami communicante s
  • within the sympathetic trunks, presynaptic fivers follow one of four possible courses
    • postganglionic fibers exit via grey rami communicante s at every spinal cord level
57
Q

What is a groove

A

elongated depression or furrow

58
Q

Nutrient Vasculature

A
  • found in long bones
  • branches of adjacent arteries
  • divied into ascending and descending branches
  • near the epiphysis they anastamose with the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
59
Q

stage one of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)

A

an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tisse membran

60
Q

What is a scissors

A

useful for blunt dissection

61
Q

what is the Nervous System Cell

A

neuron

  • dendrites- impulses to cell body
  • axon- sends the impulse away form the body
  • myelin shealth- helps carry the impulses
62
Q

what are fibrous joints

A

united by fibrous conn. tissue

  • immovable or little movement
  • syndesmosis type: with a band
    • movement depend son the fiber length

ex. sutures and interosseous membranes

63
Q

what are the two paths of the splanchic nerves

A

abdominopelvis

cardiopulmonary

64
Q

where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the viscera of the thoracic cavity go

A

they pass throught he cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

65
Q

what is the cardipulmonary splanchnic nerve

A

emerge from T1-T5 level
the preganglioni bivers frist travel to one of the cervicl ( s,m,I gangliona) or the thoracic ganglia where they synapse. then the postganglionic fibers travel to eh efrectors

66
Q

what nerve is in the dorsal (posterior) root

67
Q

what is the abdominopelvis splanchnic nerse

A

synapse on pre vertebral ganglion

68
Q

what are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

8 cervical pair
-1st 7 exit superior to the vertebra and the C8 exit inferior to C7
12 thoracic ( starts under the 1st thoracic )
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal pair

69
Q

what happens to the nerves and the CNS with mylination ?

A
  • no neurolemma
  • mylinated by oligodendrocytes
  • – can myelinate up to 50 axons
70
Q

what is in Posterior Primary Ramus spinal nerve

A
  • has both motor and sensory

- innervates narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back about the level of the spinal nerve

71
Q

what are the grey rami communicants

A

this is where the postganglionic fibers exit

72
Q

stage four of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)

A

bone collar f compact bone forms and red marrow appears

  • trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken , forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone
  • spongy bone consisting of distinct trabeculae persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow
73
Q

What is a forecps

A

used to lift and hold structures

74
Q

What is a transverse (axial) plane

A

this cuts you in half from bottom to top and is rotational movement

75
Q

What is a trochanter

A

large blunt elevation

76
Q

What is a medial

A

nearer to median plane

77
Q

What is a deep

A

farther from surface

78
Q

what does vanae comitans means

A

accompany ( which means the veins run with the arteries

79
Q

What is a caudal

A

toward the feet or tail region

80
Q

stage two of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)

A

cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model

81
Q

look at slide 28

A

draw out and label

82
Q

What is a tubercle

A

small raised eminence

83
Q

what is diaphysis

A

this is the long part of the bone

84
Q

what is epephysis

A

these are the ends of the bone ( there are a distal and prosimal )

85
Q

What is a frontal (coronal) plane

A

this goes side to side and cuts the body in half form front side to back side

86
Q

What is a inferior ( caudal)

A

nearer to feet

87
Q

What is a epicondyle

A

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

88
Q

What is a tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

89
Q

What is a spinous process

A

projecting spine like part

90
Q

look at slide 70

A

the arteries and vein make up

91
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

head

spin and ribs

92
Q

What is a lateral

A

farther from median plane

93
Q

what are synovial

A

united by articular capsule capsule
- has joint capsule with fibrous capsule and synovial membrane with fluid inside it

ex- hip joint, atlantoaxial joint, elbow acromioclavicular joint, carpometacarpal joint

94
Q

stage four of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)

A

formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5

95
Q

what is peritoneum

A

serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

96
Q

what is endosteum

A

membrane that lines the inner surfaces of bones such as the medullary cavity and smaller cavities
-single layer of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

97
Q

what are the fascia of the skin

A 
subcutaneous tissue ( fat is found here)
--superficial fascia= hypodermis
contains conn. tissue. adiose, sweat glands, superficial blood vessesl, lymphatiches and cutaneous

Deep (surrounds all the muscles)

  • investing
  • intermuscular
98
Q

What are mixed nerves

A

sensory and motor

99
Q

what is a splanchnic nerves

A

this is nerves to the viscera

100
Q

draw

A

slide 20 draw out

101
Q

stage three of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)

A

invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

102
Q

what are 3 types of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
103
Q

What is a spine

A

thorn like process

104
Q

what is metaphysis

A

wide portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

105
Q

What is a rostral

A

toward the rostrum ( L. beak) nearer the anterior part of the head

106
Q

What is a ventral

107
Q

what is in the lymphatic system

A

capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks

  • this is closed system ( only goes one way)
  • there is a right and thoracic duct
108
Q

What is a dorsal surface (feet)

A

the top of the foot

109
Q

What is a probe

A

primary dissecting tool

110
Q

What is a sagittal plane

A

goes front to back between the shoulder and head

111
Q

PNS systme

A

+ look at notes
cranial nerves
( 3,7,9,10)= vagus they all presynapti to gnglia in the head and neck

pelvic splanchnic nn.
-anterior rami of scaral s2-4 = most of the ganglia are in the wall of the raget orgian

112
Q

what are articular arteries

A

these are arteries that had come together around a joint ( anastomose) with other vessel to form networks across the joint

113
Q

What is a Hemostat

A

these can crush delicate structures ( clamper deal)

114
Q

stage three of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)

A

woven bone and periosteum form

  • accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which from a random netwoorkl the results in a network of trabeculae
  • vascularized mesenchyme condenses on th eexternal face of the woven bone and becoes the periosteum
115
Q

what is a ganglion

What is a nucleus

A 
Ganglion= collection of cell bodies OUTside the CNS
Nucleus= collection of nerve cell bodies IN cns
116
Q

What is a anatomic position

A

face up with palms facing up (radioulnar joint supinated)

** Also the feet are apart

117
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

peripheral nerves: efferent and afferent information

118
Q

where are subserous found

A 
they are below serous membrane 
- between internal surface of muscle and lining of body cavities 
Types of fascia
**endothoracic
**endoabdominal 
**endopelvic
119
Q

epiphysial vasculature

A

they come from the prei- articular vascular arcades

120
Q

what is the hilton law

A

a nerve that innervates a joint also tends to innervate the muscle that move the joint and the skin that covers the distal attachment of those muscles

121
Q

Nervous system division

A

central and peripheral

  • CNS- brain and spinal cord
  • PNS ( somatic and autonomic )
122
Q

most nerves in bone are ?

A

vasomotor and run with vessels

Anatomy (18 decks)

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