Back Flashcards
what is the vertebral column made up of
vertebrae and the IV disc
what is the vertebral arch
this is posterior to the vertebral body and consists of two ( right and left) lamina and pedicles
what is a lamina
this is between the spinous process and the transverse processes
What is the pedicle
between the body and the transverse process
on the C6 what is the anteriro tubercle called
carotid tubercles
what is the C7 vertebra called
vertebra promines
what is the anulus fibrossu
is a bulging fibrous ring consisting of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the IV disc and only the outer 1/3 receives sensory innervation
what is the nucleus pulposus
this is the cord of the disc and is semifluid allows for flexibility and resilience of the disc and column
what is a synovial joint
2 inferior and superior articular processes
what is symphyses
between the disc and bodies
- secondary cartilagenous joint
- connect by the anterior and posterior ligaments
what are uncovertebral joints
develop between the unci of the bodies ( c3-c7 )
- they articulate w/ vertebral bodies superior to them
- ALLOW flexion extension and limits excessive flexion
what are zygapophysial joint
- they are the plane synovial joints that happen between the superior and inferior articular
- they help prevent adjacent vertbra from slipping
- and allow gliding
- can also bare weight
what are the zygapophysial joint inverated by
the articular branch of dorsal rami of spine n. that come from the medial branches of the posterior rami that innervate each joint by 2 adjacent joints
what is the atlanto occipital joint
the articulations between the superior articular surfaces of the lateral masses fo the c1 and the occipital condyles
what does the atlanto occipital joints allow?
permit nodding of the head
what help connect the atlanto occipital joints?
Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes! which connect to the anterior and posterior arches of c1 to the ant. and posterior foramen magnum. HELP prevent excessive movement
what are the anterior and posterior membranes of the atlanto occiptial made up of
Ant= broad adn densely woven fibers post= broad but weak
what is the atlanto axial joint
- between the c1 and c2
- 3 articlulations ( 2 lateral masses and 1 medial )
what is the tectorial membrane
is the strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament that broadens and passes posterior over the medial atlanto axial joint and its ligament
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament
this is a strong broad fibrous band that covers and connect the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral bodies and the IV discs
= extents from the sacrum to the anterior tubercle of the c1 and occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum
–PREVENTS hyperextension
what is the posterior longitudinal ligament
this runs in the within the vertebral canal on the posterior aspect of the bodies from c2 to sacrum
- -attached to the IV discs
- PREVENTS hyperflexion
what are the ligamentum flava
laminae of adjacent ertebral arches are joined by broad pale yellow bands of elastic tissue.
- run from the lamina above to the lamina below
- resist separation of the vertebral lamina by limiting flexion and help keep the back curves
what is the supraspinous ligament
connects the tips of the spinous processes form c7 to the sacrum and merge superiorly with the nuchal ligament
what is the interspinous ligament
connects adjoining spinous process attaching from the root to the apex of each process
what is the ligamentum nuchal
this has think fibroelastic tissue extending as a median band from the external occipital protuberance, posterior foramen magnum to thec7
what is the intertransverse ligament
connecting adjacent transverse process
what is the transverse ligament
between the 2 laeral masses and helps prevent the dens from moving posteriorly
what is the apical ligament
from the tip of the dens to anterior side of FM and it merges with the anterior atlantoociipital membrane
what is the cruciate ligament
there are 3 parts the superior, transverse, inferior
– this is the weaker muslce that moves from the occipital b. to the c2 v. with the transverse lig of the atlas to sepreate it
what is the allar ligaments
form the dens to FM and preventing excessive rotation
what supplies the vertebrae
periosteal and equatorial branches of the major artieries, segmental arteries and spinal branches
what are periosteal and equatorial branches
these arteries that cross the external suface of the vertebra
how do spinal branches enter the vertebrae
they enter through the IV foramen and divide into anterior and posterior canal
what sending nutrient to the vertebrae
the anterior canal
what is the anterior spinal artery
formed by the union of the branches of the vertebral arteries and runs inferiorly
what is the posterior apinal artery
is a branch of either the vertebral artery or the posteroinferio cerebellar artery
what does the spinal cord depend on the most of blood supply
the segmental medullary arteries
what are the segmental medullary arteries
they come from spoinal branches of the ascending cervical, deep cervicl, vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar arteries
what supplies the spinla nerves and their coverings
this is done by the posterior and anterior radicular arteries which run along the nerve roots ( these are on the inside of the IV foramen)
what do spinal veins form
they form internal and external plexuses
what are basivertebral veins
they are the veins that form within the vertebral bodies and will drain anteriorly into the plexuses
what are the intervertebral veins
they receive veins from the spinal cord and vertebral vein plexuses. they run with the spinal nerves out to drain into the vertebral, lumbar, intercostal, lateral sacral veins
What are extrinsic back muscles
- superficial
- intermediate
- *theses produce and control limb and respiratory movements and are inntervated by the anterior rami of the spinal nn
what are intrinsic back muscles
- superficial
- intermediate
- deep
- these act on the vertebral column and are inntervated by the posterior rami of the spinal nn
what are the extrinsic superficial back muscles
- trapezius
- latissimus doris
- levator scapulae
- rhomboids
what are the extrinstic intermediate back muscles
serratus posterior inferior and superior
** work as respiratory muscles but they also think it could be proprioceptive
what are the intrinsic superficial back muscles
splenius - capitis and cervicis
what are the intrinsic intermediate back muscles
erector spinae ( SLI) muscles
What are the subdivision of the iliocostalis
- lumborum- origin to 12th to 7th rib
- thoracis- last 6 to first 6 ribs
- cervicis- 6 rib to c4 tp
what are the subdivision of the longissimus
- thoracis- origin to ribs
- cervicis- t6-1 tp to c7 -2 tp
- capitus- t3-1 tp to mastoid process
what are the subdivision of the spinalis
- thoracis- l3-t10 sp to t8-2 sp
- cervicis- often absent t2-c6 sp to c4-2 sp
- capitus- insert w/ semispinalis capitis
what are the intrinsic deep back muscles
- transversopinal
- interspinales
- intertransversarii
- levatores costarum
what is the suboccipital region
with in the c1 to c2 and has the joints altanto-occipital and altano-axis
*rectus and oliquus mucles
what is the suboccipital triangle
the inferior and superior oliquus and rectus capitis major mucles
* this contain the suboccipital n and the vertebral A.
what is the subocipital n
the c1 dorsal rami works on the suboccipital m.
what is the greater occipital n
c2 dorsal rami works on the skin over th eneck and occipital bone
what is the lesser occiptial n
anterior rami of spn of c2-3 works on skin of neck and external ear
what is the posterio rami or c3-7
works on the intrinsic back m and overlying skin
what is the least occipital n.
c3 dorsal ram- traps and lower occipital neck
