Introduction Flashcards
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Anterior and Posterior halves
Saggital plane
right and left halves
Transverse plane
Upper and lower halves
What is retinacula and what does it do?
It is deep fascia that holds tendons in place during joint movement.
What is the axial skeleton?
It consists of bones from the head, neck, and trunk.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
It consists of bones from the limbs, including shoulder and pelvic girdles.
What is periosteum?
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bone.
What is perichondrium?
Surrounding cartilage elements including articular cartilage.
Long bones
Tubular structures
ex. humerus and phalanges
Short bones
Cuboidal found only in ankle and wrist
ex. ankle (tarsals), wrist (carpals)
Flat bones
Serve as protection
ex. Cranium
Irregular bones
Found in face, have various shapes other than long, short, or flat.
Sesamoid bones
Develop in certain tendons, help to protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments.
ex. patella
What is mesenchyme?
Embryonic connective tissue in which bones are formed.
Fibrous Joint
Articulating bones of fibrous joints. Amount of movement depends on length of fibrous tissue.
Syndesmosis
Type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or fibrous membrane.
Gomphosis joint
Type of fibrous joint in which a peg-like fibrous process stabilizes a tooth.
Cartilaginous Joints
United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
Primary Cartilaginous Joint (synchondrosis)
Permit growth of the bone and allow slight bending during early life, until the epiphyseal plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuse with the diaphysis.
ex. Hip joint
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint (Symphyses)
Strong, slightly mobile, united by fibrocartilage.
ex. Intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints
Articular cavity serves as the potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid. Usually reinforced by accessory ligaments that either are separate or are a thickened part of the joint capsule.
Synovial Fluid
Serves to nourish the articular cartilage as well as lubricate the joint.
Pennate muscles
Feather-like arrangement of fibers; can be uni, bi, or multi depending on muscle fibers.
Fusiform muscles
Spindle-shaped (round thick belly that tapers at ends)
Convergent Muscles
Have a broad attachment where fibers converge on a single tendon.
ex. Latissimus Dorsi
Circular Muscles
Surround an opening or orifice, constricting it when it contracts.
ex. Obicularis Oris/Oculli
Tonic Contraction
Slight contraction that does not cause movement but increases the tension in the fibers assisting in stability of joints and maintenance of posture. Isometric contraction occur at more intense levels.
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Tunica Intima, Tunica Media (middle smooth muscle), and Tunica Adventitia (outer connective tissue layer)
