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Immuno-Sero LEC > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Grew from observations of recovery and subsequent protection from certain infectious diseases.

A

IMMUNITY

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2
Q

Immunity

Derived from the Latin term____, meaning “exempt.”

A

immunis

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3
Q

He noted that, only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time.

A

THUCYDIDES

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4
Q

Greek Historian
430 BC: Described a plague in Athens.

A

THUCYDIDES

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5
Q

First Attempts to Induce Immunity

A

VARIOLATION

Chinese and Turkish Contributions
(15th Century)

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6
Q

Dried smallpox crusts inhaled or inserted into cuts (______)

A

variolation

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7
Q

Observed variolation in Turkey

Had her own children variolated

Advocated smallpox inoculation to
Britain

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1718)

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8
Q

Noticed that milkmaids with cowpox (Vaccinia virus) seem to be immune to acquiring smallpox (Variola virus)
• “Vacca” = cow

A

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

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9
Q

Smallpox virus

A

Variola virus

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10
Q

.
Experiment
Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox fluid
.
Boy became immune to smallpox

A

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

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11
Q

Cowpox virus

A

Vaccinia virus

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12
Q

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

The cowpox and smallpox viruses belong to the same family,______,
and share similar structural proteins and antigens.

Because of the antigenic similarity between cowpox and smallpox viruses, the______ generated in response to cowpox can recognize and respond to smallpox virus if it later enters the body.

A

Poxviridae

memory cells

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13
Q

Father of Immunology

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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14
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR father if

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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15
Q

Discovery
• Noted that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens

Fresh culture killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

Hypothesis:
Aging weakens pathogen virulence
Weakened (attenuated) strains provide immunity

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

Louis Pasteur

Hypothesis:
_____weakens pathogen virulence

Weakened (attenuated) strains provide____

A

Aging

immunity

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18
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR
• Discovery
. Noted that ______caused illness but not death in chickens

.______ killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed

A

old bacterial cultures

Fresh culture

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19
Q

Pasteur

He called the attenuated strain:

A

Vaccine

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20
Q

Vaccinated sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis)

Vaccinated sheep survived; unvaccinated sheep died

A

Anthrax Experiment

By Pasteur

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21
Q

First human vaccination on____
Boy survived rabies exposure

A

Rabies Vaccine (1885)

Joseph Meister

By Pasteur

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22
Q

Founded to treat rabies victims

. Continues to focus on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases

A

Pasteur Institute (1887)

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23
Q

Percent of herd immunity

A

70%

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24
Q

if lots of people are vaccinated

…then the disease can’t spread very far, so the whole community stays safe.
This is ‘______’

A

herd immunity

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25
Q

Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

A

HERD IMMUNITY

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26
Q

SMALLPOX ERADICATION
• Last known case of naturally acquired smallpox was in______

A

Somalia, 1977.

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27
Q

Smallpox eradication was achieved through________

This remains among the most notable and profound public health successes in history.

A

universal vaccination

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28
Q

14 diseases we’ve controlled thanks to vaccines:

A

Polio
Tetanus
Measles
Influenza
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Rubella
Hib
Whooping Cough
Pneumococcal Disease
Rotavirus
Mumps
Chickenpox
Diptheria

29
Q

Over the last 35 years, the Philippines has reduced the prevalence of
vaccine-preventable diseases.
However, there are still occasional outbreaks.
This may be due to weakened herd immunity from gaps in vaccination.

A

Measles outbreaks

30
Q

CASES OF VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES, 1984-2019

A

Diphtheria
Measles
Mumps
Neonatal tetanus
Pertussis a Polio
Rubella

31
Q

POLIO VACCINE (1949)

A

Jonas Salk
Albert Sabin

32
Q

Developed the first effective vaccine against polio

Intramuscular administration

Inactivated/Killed

A

Jonas Salk

33
Q

Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

Live attenuated vaccine

A

Albert Sabin

34
Q

YELLOW FEVER VACCINE
• 1900

Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

A

Walter Reed

35
Q

Walter Reed
Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by…

A

female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

36
Q

Developed a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever

A

Max Theiler

37
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A

Emil von Behring
Shibasaburo Kitasato

38
Q

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo
Kitasato (1890)
Demonstrated immune protection could be transferred via_____.
Received Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine (1901).

A

serum

39
Q

TYPES OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

40
Q

Ex. vaccination

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

41
Q

______ immunity can last years or decades after initial exposure.

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

42
Q

Provides long-lasting protection via memory cells.

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

43
Q

Produces one’s own immunity through exposure to antigens.

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

44
Q

Newborns receive _____ immunity via maternal antibodies.

Short-lived and limited

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

45
Q

Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

Used in emergencies (e.g., snake or scorpion venom).

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

46
Q

Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900.

Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.

A

Side-Chain Theory

47
Q

Side-Chain Theory
Proposed by____ in 1900.
Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.

A

Paul Ehrlich

48
Q

Concept borrowed from Emil Fischer (1894) to describe enzyme-substrate interaction.

Receptor binding to an infectious agent is like the fit between a lock and key.

A

Lock-and-Key Fit

49
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
(1930s) showed gamma globulin (now immunoglobulin) is responsible for these activities.

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are crucial in humoral immunity.
Archie Anador
IgG
IgM
IgA

A

Elvin Kabat

50
Q

Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work in discovering the structure of immunoglobulins.

A

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

Sir Rodney Porter and Gerald
Edelman (1972)

51
Q

Papain

A

2

52
Q

Pepsin

A

2

53
Q

Identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity.

Hypothesized that cells, not just serum components, are key to immunity.

A

CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Elie Metchnikoff (1883)

54
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

(1
Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called____.

(2
Bacterium is ingested, forming_____.
Phagosome fuses with____.

(4

(5
Digestion products are released pseudopodia

A

pseudopodia

phagosome; lysosome = phagysosome

55
Q

is killed and then digested by lysosomal enzymes.

A

Bacterium

56
Q

Secrete antibodies inat defend
against extracellular pathogens

A

Humoral

57
Q

Defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues

A

Cell-mediated

58
Q

can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

Immunology

59
Q

is the study of all aspects of the immune system, including its structure and function, disorders of the
immune system, blood banking, immunization, and organ transplantation.

A

Immunology

60
Q

is defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.

A

Immunology

61
Q

Immunology consists of the following:

A

the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material;

how body components respond and interact;

the desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions; and

the ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease

62
Q

The structures (e.g., bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes), cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes), and soluble constituents of the circulating
blood (e.g., complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign (nonself) substances, such as antigens.

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

63
Q

The condition of being resistant to infection.

A

IMMUNITY

64
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM
Role of the Immune System

A

Defending the body against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens

Defending the body against the development of tumors

65
Q

A foreign substance (immunogen) that can stimulate the production of antibodies (immune response).

A

ANTIGEN

66
Q

Specific glycoproteins (immunoglobulins) produced in response to antigenic challenge.

A

Antibodies

67
Q

can be found in blood plasma and body fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, milk).

A

Antibodies

68
Q

These serum globulins have a wide range of specificities for different antigens and can bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins or bind to the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

A

Antibodies

Immuno-Sero LEC (15 decks)

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