Introduction Flashcards
Grew from observations of recovery and subsequent protection from certain infectious diseases.
IMMUNITY
Immunity
Derived from the Latin term____, meaning “exempt.”
immunis
He noted that, only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time.
THUCYDIDES
Greek Historian
430 BC: Described a plague in Athens.
THUCYDIDES
First Attempts to Induce Immunity
VARIOLATION
Chinese and Turkish Contributions
(15th Century)
Dried smallpox crusts inhaled or inserted into cuts (______)
variolation
Observed variolation in Turkey
Had her own children variolated
Advocated smallpox inoculation to
Britain
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1718)
Noticed that milkmaids with cowpox (Vaccinia virus) seem to be immune to acquiring smallpox (Variola virus)
• “Vacca” = cow
EDWARD JENNER (1798)
Smallpox virus
Variola virus
.
Experiment
Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox fluid
.
Boy became immune to smallpox
EDWARD JENNER (1798)
Cowpox virus
Vaccinia virus
EDWARD JENNER (1798)
The cowpox and smallpox viruses belong to the same family,______,
and share similar structural proteins and antigens.
Because of the antigenic similarity between cowpox and smallpox viruses, the______ generated in response to cowpox can recognize and respond to smallpox virus if it later enters the body.
Poxviridae
memory cells
Father of Immunology
LOUIS PASTEUR
LOUIS PASTEUR father if
IMMUNOLOGY
Discovery
• Noted that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens
Fresh culture killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed
Louis Pasteur
Hypothesis:
Aging weakens pathogen virulence
Weakened (attenuated) strains provide immunity
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur
Hypothesis:
_____weakens pathogen virulence
Weakened (attenuated) strains provide____
Aging
immunity
LOUIS PASTEUR
• Discovery
. Noted that ______caused illness but not death in chickens
.______ killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed
old bacterial cultures
Fresh culture
Pasteur
He called the attenuated strain:
Vaccine
Vaccinated sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis)
Vaccinated sheep survived; unvaccinated sheep died
Anthrax Experiment
By Pasteur
First human vaccination on____
Boy survived rabies exposure
Rabies Vaccine (1885)
Joseph Meister
By Pasteur
Founded to treat rabies victims
. Continues to focus on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
Pasteur Institute (1887)
Percent of herd immunity
70%
if lots of people are vaccinated
…then the disease can’t spread very far, so the whole community stays safe.
This is ‘______’
herd immunity
Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.
HERD IMMUNITY
SMALLPOX ERADICATION
• Last known case of naturally acquired smallpox was in______
Somalia, 1977.
Smallpox eradication was achieved through________
This remains among the most notable and profound public health successes in history.
universal vaccination
14 diseases we’ve controlled thanks to vaccines:
Polio
Tetanus
Measles
Influenza
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Rubella
Hib
Whooping Cough
Pneumococcal Disease
Rotavirus
Mumps
Chickenpox
Diptheria
Over the last 35 years, the Philippines has reduced the prevalence of
vaccine-preventable diseases.
However, there are still occasional outbreaks.
This may be due to weakened herd immunity from gaps in vaccination.
Measles outbreaks
CASES OF VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASES, 1984-2019
Diphtheria
Measles
Mumps
Neonatal tetanus
Pertussis a Polio
Rubella
POLIO VACCINE (1949)
Jonas Salk
Albert Sabin
Developed the first effective vaccine against polio
Intramuscular administration
Inactivated/Killed
Jonas Salk
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
Live attenuated vaccine
Albert Sabin
YELLOW FEVER VACCINE
• 1900
Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Walter Reed
Walter Reed
Demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by…
female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Developed a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever
Max Theiler
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Emil von Behring
Shibasaburo Kitasato
Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo
Kitasato (1890)
Demonstrated immune protection could be transferred via_____.
Received Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine (1901).
serum
TYPES OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Ex. vaccination
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
______ immunity can last years or decades after initial exposure.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Provides long-lasting protection via memory cells.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Produces one’s own immunity through exposure to antigens.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Newborns receive _____ immunity via maternal antibodies.
Short-lived and limited
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
Used in emergencies (e.g., snake or scorpion venom).
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900.
Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.
Side-Chain Theory
Side-Chain Theory
Proposed by____ in 1900.
Cells express a variety of receptors (side-chain receptors) that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them.
Paul Ehrlich
Concept borrowed from Emil Fischer (1894) to describe enzyme-substrate interaction.
Receptor binding to an infectious agent is like the fit between a lock and key.
Lock-and-Key Fit
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
(1930s) showed gamma globulin (now immunoglobulin) is responsible for these activities.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are crucial in humoral immunity.
Archie Anador
IgG
IgM
IgA
Elvin Kabat
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work in discovering the structure of immunoglobulins.
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
Sir Rodney Porter and Gerald
Edelman (1972)
Papain
2
Pepsin
2
Identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity.
Hypothesized that cells, not just serum components, are key to immunity.
CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Elie Metchnikoff (1883)
PHAGOCYTOSIS
(1
Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called____.
(2
Bacterium is ingested, forming_____.
Phagosome fuses with____.
(4
(5
Digestion products are released pseudopodia
pseudopodia
phagosome; lysosome = phagysosome
is killed and then digested by lysosomal enzymes.
Bacterium
Secrete antibodies inat defend
against extracellular pathogens
Humoral
Defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues
Cell-mediated
can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
Immunology
is the study of all aspects of the immune system, including its structure and function, disorders of the
immune system, blood banking, immunization, and organ transplantation.
Immunology
is defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.
Immunology
Immunology consists of the following:
the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material;
how body components respond and interact;
the desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions; and
the ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease
The structures (e.g., bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes), cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes), and soluble constituents of the circulating
blood (e.g., complement) that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign (nonself) substances, such as antigens.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The condition of being resistant to infection.
IMMUNITY
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Role of the Immune System
Defending the body against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
Defending the body against the development of tumors
A foreign substance (immunogen) that can stimulate the production of antibodies (immune response).
ANTIGEN
Specific glycoproteins (immunoglobulins) produced in response to antigenic challenge.
Antibodies
can be found in blood plasma and body fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, milk).
Antibodies
These serum globulins have a wide range of specificities for different antigens and can bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins or bind to the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Antibodies
