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Immuno-Sero LEC > CYTOKINES > Flashcards

CYTOKINES Flashcards

1
Q

• Chemical messengers that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate and adaptive response to infection

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Small proteins produced by several different types of cells that influence hematopoietic and immune systems through activation of cell-bound receptors

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

Cytokines are released through
activation of cell-bound receptors

A

• In response to binding of stimuli to specific cell receptors

•Through recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes

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4
Q

ACTION OF CYTOKINES

APE

A

Autocrime
Paraceine
Endocrine

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5
Q

• Autocrine:

• Paracrine:

• Endocrine:

A

affects the same cell that secreted it

affects a target cell in close proximity

systemic activities

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6
Q

Action of cytokines as a whole

A

• Different cytokines work together (network of cytokine expression) to regulate leukocytes activity, and leads to elimination of the infection

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7
Q

Initially grouped based on their activities and first site of isolation:

A

Lymphokines
Monokines
Interleukins

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8
Q

Initially grouped based on their activities and first site of isolation:
• Lymphokines -
• Monokines -
• Interleukins -

A

released from lymphocytes.

released from monocytes and macrophages.

cytokines released from leukocytes that mainly act on other leukocyte.

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9
Q

Cytokines are

Currently grouped as families of:

TICTIC

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
interferon (IFN)
chemokine
transforming growth factor (TGF)
interleukins (IL)
colony stimulating factor (CSF)

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10
Q

ATTRIBUTE OF CYTOKINES

PRSAC

A

Pleiotropy
Redundancy
Synergy
Anatagonism
Cascade induction

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11
Q

• Pleiotropy: single cytokine may have different actions

• Redundancy: different cytokine activate same pathway and genes

• Synergy: cytokines complement and enhance each other

• Antagonisim: one cytokine counteract the action of another cytokine

• Cascade induction: cytokine secreted by a certain cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines

A
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12
Q

cytokine secreted by a certain cell can activate target cells to produce additional cytokines

A

• Cascade induction:

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13
Q

: one cytokine counteract the action of another cytokine

A

• Antagonisim

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14
Q

: cytokines complement and enhance each other

A

• Synergy

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15
Q

: different cytokine activate same pathway and genes

A

• Redundancy

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16
Q

: single cytokine may have different actions

A

• Pleiotropy

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17
Q

Massive overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines produce…

A

hyperstimulation of the immune response

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18
Q

• Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

• Example:

A

Influenza A and Francisella tularensis

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19
Q

• Leads to shock, multi-organ failure, or even death

A

• Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

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20
Q

• Main cause of death in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic

A

Hypercytokinemia or Cytokine Storm

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21
Q

Nomenclature PAST

(based on which they originated from)

A

• Lymphokines
• Monokines
• Interleukins (act on other leukocytes)

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22
Q

Nomenclature

Present
(grouped into families)

A

• Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
• Interferon (INF)
• Chemokine
• Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
• Interleukins
• Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)

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23
Q

• Produced by many different cell types

• Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection

• IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, Chemokines, TGF-beta, INF-alpha, INF-beta

A

INNATE

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24
Q

ADAPTIVE
• Mainly secreted by…
• Function: Directly affect…

A

T cells
(Th cells)

T-and B-cell function

25
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
nterleukin-1
•- rarely found outside the cells

• - more important in
systemic response; endogenous pyrogen (induces fever by acting on the hypothalamus)

• - blocks II-1 receptor

A

IL-1alpha

IL-1beta

IL-1RA (IL-1 receptor antagonist)

26
Q

• Can induce lysis in tumor cells

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor

27
Q
  • most prominent
    • mainly triggered by bacterial
    lipopolysaccharide

• Can induce expression of Class II MHC
→ T-cell activation

• Excess soluble forms are bound by
TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1), while excess membrane-bound form are bound by
TNRF2

• Central mediator of pathological processes in RA and other inflammatory illnesses

A

• TNF-alpha

28
Q

• Pleiotropic
• Stimulate B-cell proliferation and maturation
• Induce CD4+ T-cells to produce more pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
• Only one IL-6 receptor has been identified that consists of:

•______ and _____ (the common signal-transducing receptor subunit used by several cytokines

A

Interleukin-6

IL-6Ra (the IL-6-specific receptor) and gp130

29
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Chemokines

• Over____ kinds
• functions

A

40

Enhance motility and promote migration of WBCs toward the chemokine source via chemotaxis

30
Q

Four families based in position of N-terminal cysteine residues

A

CXC (alpha)
CC (beta)
C
CX3C

31
Q

• HIV uses chemokine receptors_____ and _____ as co-receptors for infection of CD4+ T cells and macrophages

• During polymorphisms (or alterations) in the aforementioned receptors,
the virus ability to enter the cell is blocked or diminished

• Long-term non-progression of disease

• Asymptomatic with Normal CD4+ T-cell counts and immune function, as well as low or undetectable viral loads

A

CXCR4 and CCR5

32
Q

• Activates expression of CD8 in DN thymocytes
• Inhibitory effects on immature thymocytes
• Blocks production of IL-12 and inhibits induction of IFN-gamma

A

Transforming Growth Factor-ß

33
Q

• Has antiproliferative activity in a wide variety of cell types
• Help downregulate inflammatory response when no longer needed

A

Transforming Growth Factor-ß

34
Q

• Transforming Growth Factor-ß

→ oral tolerance to bacteria normally found in the mouth
• TGF-ß1, TGF-B2, TGF-B3

A

• Th2 production of TGF-ß

35
Q

• Activates NK cells

A

Type I Interferons (INF-a and INF-B).

36
Q

• Produced by dendritic cells and induce production of proteins and pathways that directly interfere with viral replication and cell division

A

Type I Interferons (INF-a and INF-B).

37
Q

INNATE VS ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

INNATE
• Produced by many different cell types
• Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection

ADAPTIVE
• Mainly secreted by T cells (Th cells)
• Function: Directly affect T-and B-cell function

38
Q

• Produced by many different cell types
• Function: to increase APRs and to recruit WBCs to the area of infection

A

INNATE IR

39
Q

• Mainly secreted by T cells
(Th cells)
• Function: Directly affect T-and B-cell function

A

ADAPTIVE IR

40
Q

T-Helper 1

Product

A

IFN-y
IL-2

41
Q

Increases expression of MHC Class I and II increased likelihood of antigen capture and recruitment of T cells

A

IFN-y

42
Q

Most potent activator of macrophages → activated or “super” macrophages → vs intracellular pathogens and tumors

Also activates CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells

A

IFN-y

43
Q

AKA T-cell growth factor (like Th2)

A

IL-2

44
Q

Help generate IgG1 and IgE-producing cells

A

IL-2

45
Q

T-Helper 2

A

IL-4
IL-10

46
Q

IL-13 has similar effects, but IL-13 can inhibit secretion of cytokines by monocytes

A

IL-4

47
Q

Production of IgG2a and IgE, and II-5 → differentiation and activation of eosinophils in both allergic responses and parasitic infections IL-10

A

IL-4

48
Q

Also stimulates differentiation of naïve CD4+ T-cells

Turns off the genes that promote Th1 cells

A

IL-4

49
Q

Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation

A

IL-10

50
Q

Antagonist to IFN-y → thus, it is a downregulator of immune response

A

IL-10

51
Q

T-Regulatory

Products

A

TGF-B

IL-10

52
Q

Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation

A

TGF-B

53
Q

Induces expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor which causes T-reg cells to suppress the activity of other T-cells

A

TGF-B

54
Q

Downregulator of immune response

Anti-inflammatory, block cytokine production, and inhibits antigen presentation

A

IL-10

55
Q

T-Helper 17

Product

A

IL-17

56
Q

= most studied IL-17 cytokine

A

IL-17A

57
Q

Necessary for secretion of antimicrobial peptides in bacterial and fungal infections at mucosal surfaces

Makes cells produce CXC ligand 8 (CXCL-8), which is crucial for continuous recruitment of neutrophils to site of inflammation

Directly induces IgE production by B cells

A

IL-17

58
Q

MAJOR
PROINFLAMMATORY
CYTOKINES

A

TNF-a
IL-1
IL-6
IFN-Y

59
Q

MAJOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
CYTOKINES

A

TGF-B
IL-10
IL-13
IL-35

Immuno-Sero LEC (30 decks)

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