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Immuno-Sero LEC > Innate & Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate & Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

These cells are unique, because they arise from a hematopoietic stem cell and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs.

A

Lymphocytes

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2
Q

Lymphocytes

They can be separated into two main classes, depending on where this differentiation takes place.

The primary lymphoid organs in humans are the (2)

A

bone marrow and the thymus.

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3
Q

Once lymphocytes mature in the primary organs, they are released and make their way to secondary organs, which include the…

A

spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.

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4
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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5
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

spleen
lymph nodes
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)

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6
Q

It is in the ______ that the main contact with foreign antigens takes place.

The____ serves as a filtering mechanism for antigens in the bloodstream, and_____ filter fluid from the tissues.

A

secondary organs

spleen

lymph nodes

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7
Q

Lymphocyte circulation is complex and is regulated by different cell surface adhesion molecules and by chemical messengers called______.

A

cytokines

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8
Q

Lymphocytes are segregated within the secondary organs according to their particular functions.

_______are effector cells that serve a regulatory role, and ______produce antibody.

Both types of cells recirculate continuously from the bloodstream to the secondary lymphoid organs and back, in an attempt to increase contact with foreign antigens.

A

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

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9
Q

. A third type of lymphocyte, the______, is large, granular, and plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune response.

A

NK cell

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10
Q

All lymphocytes arise from ____________ that appear initially in the yolk sac of the developing embryo and are later found in the fetal liver.

A

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

It can be considered the largest tissue of the body

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Bone marrow fills the core of all ______and is the main source of_____, which develop into…

A

long FLAT bones

hematopoietic stem cells

erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes.

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13
Q

Bone Marrow

Main Functions

A

Source of hematopoietic stem cells

Development into erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes

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14
Q

Most authorities agree that T, B, and NK cells arise from a common precursor known as the…

A

common lymphoid precursor (CLP)

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15
Q

The_____ functions as the center for antigenindependent lymphopoiesis

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

Lymphocyte stem cells are released from the marrow and travel to additional ________ where further maturation takes place.

One subset goes to the thymus and develops into_____.
In humans, _____maturation takes place within the bone marrow itself.

A

primary lymphoid organs

T cells

B-cell

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17
Q

BONE MARROW
• Lymphocyte subsets

A

B cells
T cells

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18
Q

B Cells
Named after the…
Maturation occurs in…

A

bursa of Fabricius in birds

bone marrow

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19
Q

T Cells
Precursors go to the____ for
maturation
Immature T cells appear as early as _____in gestation

A

thymus

8 weeks

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20
Q

T cells develop their identifying characteristics in the______, which is a small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, or chest cavity, right below the thyroid gland and overlying the heart

A

thymus

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21
Q

Thymus

Function

A

Site of T-cell maturation and differentiation

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22
Q

Once differentiation occurs, mature T and B lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and the thymus. They migrate to_______ and become part of a______

A

secondary lymphoid organs

recirculating pool.

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23
Q

Each lymphocyte spends most of its life span in______, entering the_____ only periodically to go from one secondary organ to another.

A

solid tissue

circulation

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24
Q

The secondary lymphoid organs include the…

A

spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
appendix
Peyer’s patches in the intestines
other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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25
Q

Lymphopoiesis, or reproduction of lymphocytes, occurs in the secondary tissue, but this is strictly dependent on______, while formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow is______.

A

antigenic stimulation

antigen-independent

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26
Q

The______ is the largest secondary lymphoid organ, having a length of approximately_____ and weighing____ in the adult.

It is located in the _________and surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule.

A

spleen

12 cm

150 g

upper-left quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm

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27
Q

The organ can be characterized as a large discriminating filter, as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood.

A

Spleen

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28
Q

Splenic tissue can be divided into two main types:

A

red pulp
white pulp

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29
Q

The red pulp makes up more than onehalf of the total volume, and its function is to…

A

destroy old red blood cells.

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30
Q

Blood flows from the arterioles into the_____ and then exits by way of the splenic vein.

A

red pulp

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31
Q

The _____comprises approximately 20 percent of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a______

A

white pulp

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

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32
Q

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains mainly_____

Attached to the sheath are primary follicles, which contain_____ that are not yet stimulated by antigen.

A

T cells

B cells

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33
Q

Surrounding the PALS is a______ containing _____that trap antigen.

Lymphocytes enter and leave this area by means of the many capillary branches that connect to the arterioles.

A

marginal zone ; dendritic cells

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34
Q

Each day, an adult’s blood volume passes through the spleen approximately____ times, where_____ and ____ can constantly survey for infectious agents or other foreign matter.

A

four

lymphocytes and macrophages

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35
Q

LYMPH NODES
• Function

A

Central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

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36
Q

Filtration of interstitial fluid allows contact between lymphocytes and foreign antigens

A

Lymph node

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37
Q

Filtrate of blood from water and low-molecular-weight solutes

A

Lymph fluid

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38
Q

Lymph node

Location

A

Along lymphatic ducts, numerous near joints and where arms and legs join the body

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39
Q

Lymph nodes
________is a main function of these organs. The lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces called sinuses, which are lined with _____, creating an ideal location for phagocytosis to take place.

A

Filtration

macrophages

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40
Q

If contact with antigen takes place, lymphocyte traffic shuts down due to the proliferation of activated cells.

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as______. Recirculation of expanded numbers of lymphocytes then occurs.

A

lymphadenopathy

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41
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

OTHERS

A

• Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

• Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

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42
Q

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches

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43
Q

is found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

A

MALT, the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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44
Q

represent a specialized type of MALT and are located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract.

A

Peyer’s patches

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45
Q

The______ are another area of lymphoid tissue found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities.

Their function is to respond to pathogens entering the respiratory and alimentary tracts.

A

tonsils

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46
Q

near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine and has abundant infection-fighting lymphoid cells

A

Appendix

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47
Q

small masses of macrophage lining oral and pharyngeal cavities

A

Tonsils

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48
Q

The epidermis contains a number of intraepidermal lymphocytes. Most of these are_____, which are uniquely positioned to combat any antigens that enter through the skin.

This association of lymphocytes is known as the______

A

T cells

cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue

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49
Q

differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells and are responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation

A

B cells

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50
Q

play a role in cell-mediated immunity, and as such, they produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines

A

T cells

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51
Q

are small polypeptides that regulate the functions of lymphocytes and other cells involved in the immune response.

The characteristics and markers for each type of lymphocyte are considered separately.

A

Cytokines

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52
Q

certain humoral, or circulating, factors called_______ acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.

A

opsonins

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53
Q

BRANCHES OF IMMUNITY

A

INNATE (NATURAL) IMMUNITY

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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54
Q

Natural, or innate, immunity

A

is the ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

These are considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.

No prior exposure is required, and the response does not change with subsequent exposures.

Many of these mechanisms are subject to influence by such factors as nutrition, age, fatigue, stress, and genetic determinants.

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55
Q

is the ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

Natural, or innate, immunity

56
Q

These are considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.

A

Natural, or innate, immunity

57
Q

No prior exposure is required, and the response does not change with subsequent exposures.

A

Natural, or innate, immunity

58
Q

Many of these mechanisms are subject to influence by such factors as nutrition, age, fatigue, stress, and genetic determinants.

A

Natural, or innate, immunity

59
Q

Acquired immunity, in contrast,

A

is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.

60
Q

is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.

A

Acquired immunity, in contrast,

61
Q

The natural defense system is composed of two parts:

A

the external defense system
the internal defense system.

62
Q

is designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body.

If these defenses are overcome, then the internal defense system must clear invaders as quickly as possible.

A

external defense system

63
Q

can be categorized into cellular mechanisms and humoral factors.

A

Internal defenses

64
Q

Internal defenses can be categorized into

A

cellular mechanisms

humoral factors

65
Q

results in the destruction of foreign cells and organisms.

A

phagocytosis

66
Q

The process of______ brings cells and humoral factors to the area in need of healing. If the healing process is begun and resolved as quickly as possible, the tissues are less likely to be damaged.

A

inflammation

67
Q

NON-SPECIFIC DEFENCES
(INNATE IMMUNITY)

A

First line of defense
Second line of defense

68
Q

First line of defense

A

• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

69
Q

Second line of defense

A

• Phagocytic leukocytes
• Antimicrobial proteins
• Inflammatory response
• Fever

70
Q

Third line of defense

A

SPECIFIC DEFENCES (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY)

71
Q

SPECIFIC DEFENCES (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY)

Third line of defense

A

• Lymphocytes
• Antibodies
• Memory cells

72
Q

Function: Responds rapidly to pathogens; provides initial protection.

A

Innate immunity

73
Q

Innate Immunity
Components:

Anatomical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes) that prevent pathogen entry.

Activated if external barriers are breached; includes cellular responses and phagocytosis.

A

External Defense System:

Internal Defense System:

74
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY

EXTERNAL DEFENSE

A
  1. Physical
  2. Chemical
  3. Biological
75
Q

External defense

Chemical
Skin:
Respiratory tract:
Stomach:
Vagina:
tears and saliva:

A

lactic acid, fatty acids, psoriasin

cilia and mucus

gastric acid/ Hydrochloric acid

lactic acid

Lysozyme

76
Q

THE UNBROKEN SKIN
Physical barriers

Consists of tightly packed epithelial cells coated with keratin, making it impermeable to most infectious agents.

A

Epidermis

77
Q

THE UNBROKEN SKIN
Physical barriers

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and white blood cells (WBCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

A

Dermis

78
Q

THE UNBROKEN SKIN
Secretions
_______(in sweat) and______(produced by sebaceous glands)

helps maintain an acidic skin pH of approximately______, inhibiting microbial growth

A

Lactic acid

fatty acids

5.6

79
Q

is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body

A

external defense system

80
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY TRACT

A

Mucous Secretions:
Ciliary Action:
Coughing and Sneezing:

81
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY TRACT

Block bacterial adherence and contain surfactants that bind to and help remove microorganisms.

A

Mucous Secretions:

82
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY TRACT

Cilia in the nasopharyngeal passages move approximately 90% of deposited material out of the respiratory tract.

A

Ciliary Action:

83
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY TRACT

Mechanisms to expel pathogens.

A

Coughing and Sneezing:

84
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
GENITOURINARY TRACT

Flushing action and slight acidity help
remove pathogens.

A

Urine:

85
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
GENITOURINARY TRACT

Female Genital Tract:
______production maintains a vaginal pH of about 5, preventing pathogen invasion.

A

Lactic acid

86
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE TRACT
The________ acidic (hydrochloric acid) environment (pH around____)
inhibits microbial growth from ingested food and drink.

A

stomach’s

1

87
Q

EXTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM

• Found in tears and saliva, this enzyme attacks the cell walls of microorganisms, particularly gram-positive bacteria.

A

LYSOZYME

88
Q

In many locations of the body, there is normal flora that often keeps pathogens from establishing themselves in these areas. This phenomenon is known as…

A

competitive exclusion

89
Q

. The significance of the presence of normal flora is readily demonstrated by looking at the side effects of antimicrobial therapy. Frequently, yeast infections due to ______occur, the result of wiping out normal flora that would ordinarily compete with such opportunists.

A

Candida albicans

90
Q

Activated once the external defenses are breached

A

INTERNAL DEFENSE

91
Q

consists of cells and soluble factors that perform specific and crucial functions in combating infections.

A

The internal defense system

92
Q

is designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms.

This typically involves recognizing a carbohydrate such as mannose that is found in microorganisms and is not evident on human cells.

A

internal defense system

93
Q

White blood cells seek out and destroy foreign cells by participating in______, which is the engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells.

This process destroys most of the foreign invaders that enter the body, and it is the most important function of the internal defense system.

A

phagocytosis

94
Q

Phagocytosis is enhanced by soluble factors called

A

acutephase reactants.

95
Q

are found on various cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, mast cells, T cells, and epithelial cells.

A

PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
RECEPTORS (PRRs)

PRRs

96
Q

These receptor’s serve as sensors for extracellular infections.

A

PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
RECEPTORS (PRRs)

97
Q

Upon binding to a pathogen, ____ activate phagocytic cells, enhancing their ability to engulf and destroy invaders.

A

PATHOGEN RECOGNITION
RECEPTORS (PRRs)

98
Q

PRRs distinguish self from non-self by recognizing _____, which are specific to microorganisms.

A

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED
MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPs)

99
Q

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED
MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPs)

A

peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria lipoproteins in gram-negative bacteria zymosan in yeast
flagellin in bacteria with flagella

100
Q

Ten TLRs have been identified in humans

(5) are found on cell surfaces.

(4) are found in the endosomal compartment of a cell

A

TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6

101
Q

Structure:
TLRs are membrane-spanning glycoproteins with…

A

leucine-rich repeats (LRRs).

102
Q

Binding of TLRs to pathogens results in the:

A

production of cytokines and chemokines

recruitment of neutrophils

enhanced macrophage and dendritic cell activity

103
Q

• Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly because of infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

104
Q

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

They are produced primarily by…

A

hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells)

105
Q

Functions:
Bind to microorganisms and promote adherence (first step in phagocytosis)

Limit destruction caused by proteolytic enzymes from WBCs during phagocytosis

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

106
Q

Acute-Phase
Reactants:

A

C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Complement components
Alpha1-antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
Ceruloplasmin

107
Q

is a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci. It increases rapidly within 4 to 6 hours following infection, surgery, or other trauma to the body.

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

108
Q

CRP

It is a member of the family known as the_____, all of which are proteins with five subunits.

A

pentraxins

109
Q

acts somewhat like an antibody, as it is capable of opsonization (the coating of foreign particles), agglutination, precipitation, and activation of complement by the classical pathway.

A

CRP

110
Q

CRP

However, binding is_____-dependent and nonspecific, and the main substrate is_____, a common constituent of microbial membranes.

It also binds to small ribonuclear proteins; phospholipids; peptidoglycan; and other constituents of bacteria, fungi, and parasites

A

calcium

phosphocholine

111
Q

binds to specific receptors found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which promotes phagocytosis.

Thus, it can be thought of as a primitive, nonspecific form of antibody molecule that is able to act as a defense against microorganisms or foreign cells until specific antibodies can be produced.

A

CRP

112
Q

Because the levels rise and then decline so rapidly,____ is the most widely used indicator of acute inflammation.

Although it is a nonspecific indicator of disease or trauma, monitoring of its levels can be useful clinically to follow a disease process and observe the response to treatment of inflammation and infection

A

CRP

113
Q

C-reactive protein binds_____
on bacterial surfaces, acting as an_____ and also as an activating complement

A

phosphocoline

opsonin

114
Q

The body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
Involves cellular and humoral mechanisms

A

INFLAMMATION

115
Q

The five cardinal signs of inflammation:

A

Redness (erythema)
Swelling (edema)
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

116
Q

Combats early stages of infection, repairs tissue damage

A

Acute inflammation

117
Q

Prolonged inflammation due to failure to remove microorganisms or injured tissue, leading to continued tissue damage and loss of function

A

Chronic inflammation

118
Q

INFLAMMATION causes

A

Increased Blood Supply

Increased Capillary Permeability

Migration of Neutrophils

Migration of Macrophages

Phagocytosis Stimulated by Acute-Phase Reactants

119
Q

Dilation of blood vessels due to chemical mediators (e.g., histamine)
Results in redness and heat

A

Increased Blood Supply

120
Q

Contraction of endothelial cells lining vessels
Plasma fluids leak into tissues causing swelling and pain

A

Increased Capillary Permeability

121
Q

Process called diapedesis
Neutrophils move from capillaries to surrounding tissue

A

Migration of Neutrophils

122
Q

Diapedesis

Controlled by______

Neutrophils mobilized within ______, lasting_____

A

soluble mediators (acute-phase reactants, chemokines, cytokines)

30-60 minutes

24-48 hrs

123
Q

Occurs several hours after injury, peaks at 16-48 hours
Includes dendritic cells

A

Migration of Macrophages

124
Q

Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells clear area through phagocytosis

Healing process completes with normal tissue structure restoration

A

Phagocytosis Stimulated by Acute-Phase Reactants

125
Q

Most active phagocytes:

A

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

126
Q

Steps of Phagocytosis

A

Physical contact between WBC and foreign cell

Outflowing of cytoplasm to surround the microorganism

Formation of a phagosome

Fusion with lysosomal granules

Formation of the phagolysosome and release of lysosomal contents

Digestion of microorganisms by hydrolytic enzyme

Release of debris by exocytosis

127
Q

NEUTROPHILS
A.k.a.

A

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes, Segmenters

128
Q

Most abundant WBC in adults

A

Neutrophils

129
Q

Neutrophils

Lobes of nucleus

A

2-5

130
Q

Neutrophil

Main function is____, leading to the destruction of foreign particles.

A

phagocytosis

131
Q

First cell to migrate toward the site of infection
______: Movement through blood vessel walls to tissues.
______: Migration towards specific areas guided by chemotactic factors.

A

Neutrophils

Diapedesis

Chemotaxis

132
Q

Resident microorganisms that inhabit specific body sites and help prevent pathogen establishment by competing for resources and producing antimicrobial substances.

A

NORMAL FLORA (MICROBIOTA)

133
Q

NORMAL FLORA (MICROBIOTA)

Example:
In the gut, normal flora produce____, proteins that disrupt the membranes of certain bacteria.

A

colicins

134
Q

Acute-Phase Reactants:

A

C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Complement components
Alpha1-antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
Ceruloplasmin

135
Q

Innate immunity

What are involed?

A

Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes
Dendritic cells
NK cells

136
Q

Adaptive immunity

What are involved

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Antibodies

Immuno-Sero LEC (15 decks)

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