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Immuno-Sero LEC > Antibody > Flashcards

Antibody Flashcards

1
Q

They are produced by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to exposure to foreign substances, called antigens.

A

ANTIBODY

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2
Q

are glycoproteins that play a crucial role in the humoral immune response.

A

ANTIBODY

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3
Q

Antibody aka

A

Immunoglobulins

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4
Q

ANTIBODY
FUNCTIONS

A

Neutralization

Opsonization

Complement Activation

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated
Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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5
Q

Antibodies are…

A

created by the immune system to target foreign invaders in the body, like a bacteria or virus.

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6
Q

Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.

A

Neutralization

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7
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.

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8
Q

A pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil.

A

Opsonization

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9
Q

Antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system.

A

Complement activation

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10
Q

ANTIBODY PROPERTIES

A

• Protein in nature
• With high molecular weight
• Present in serum/plasma, saliva, semen, CSF, and other body fluids

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11
Q

ANTIBODY
STRUCTURE

The fundamental unit of an antibody is a________, composed of two identical_________ and_______ linked by________(Hinge region).

A

tetrapeptide

heavy (H) chains and two identical light
(L) chains

disulfide bonds

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12
Q

Immunoglobulin genes are found in:
Chromosome 14:
Chromosome 2:
Chromosome 22:

A

Heavy chain genes

kappa chain genes

epsilon chain

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13
Q

Bence-Jones Proteins
Discovered by….

A

Dr. Henry Bence Jones

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14
Q

Bence-Jones proteins

Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that are found in the urine of patients with_______

A

Multiple Myeloma

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15
Q

Heat solubility test

BJPs precipitate at_____ to_____, dissolve at______, and reappear upon cooling

A

60°C to 70°C

100°C

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16
Q

Bence-Jones protein

Types:

A

Kappa (к) light chains (60%)
Lambda (2) light chains (40%)

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17
Q

Variable Region

The _________end of both the heavy and light chains.

This region is unique to each antibody and determines its_______ for a particular antigen.

Forms the ______site.

A

amino-terminal

specificity

antigen-binding

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18
Q

The amino-terminal end of both the heavy and light chains.

This region is unique to each antibody and determines its specificity for a particular antigen.

Forms the antigen-binding site.

A

Variable Region

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19
Q

Constant Region
The _______end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to_______ cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

carboxy-terminal

effector cells

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20
Q

The carboxy-terminal end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to effector cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

Constant Region

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21
Q

• Composed of one light chain and one-half of a heavy chain linked by disulfide bonds.

A

Fragment antigen-binding (Fab)

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22
Q

Primary function: of the Fab region is

A

antigen recognition and binding

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23
Q

Fab region

Specificity is due to…

A

hypervariable regions

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24
Q

The carboxy-terminal end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to effector cells and molecules of the immune system.

A

Fragment crystallizable (Fc)

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25
Q

Fragment crystallizable (Fc)

The ______end of the heavy chains.

This region is responsible for binding to ______ and ______of the immune system.

A

carboxy-terminal

effector cells and molecules

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26
Q

Fragment crystallizable (Fc)
Composition:

A

two heavy chains, held together by disulfide bonds.

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27
Q

Fc region

Mediates the antibody’s effector functions

A

Complement activation
Opsonization
ADCC

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28
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS

A

ISOTYPES

ALLOTYPE

IDIOTYPE

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29
Q

For example, the isotype determines whether an antibody belongs to….

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE class.

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30
Q

These determinants are associated with the constant region of the heavy chain and define the different immunoglobulin classes and subclasses.

A

ISOTYPES

31
Q

The primary type of antigenic determinant present on the
immunoglobulins of all members of a particular species.

A

ISOTYPES

32
Q

An example of an_______ is the Gm specificity found on the heavy chain of IgG molecules.

A

Allotype

33
Q

are subtle genetic variations within the constant regions of heavy and light chains, resulting in minor amino acid sequence differences between individuals.

A

ALLOTYPE

34
Q

• These variations in the antigen-binding site are responsible for the specificity of each antibody for a particular antigen.

A

IDIOTYPE

35
Q

• Unique to each individual antibody molecule and are formed by variations in the variable regions of both heavy and light chains.

A

IDIOTYPE

36
Q

Pentamer

5 identical units of Y-shaped antibodies
10 antigen-binding sites

A

IgM

37
Q

IgM Linked by

A

J-chains

38
Q

• The first antibody produced by the body when encountering a new infection (primary/initial immune response)

A

IgM

39
Q

IgM

The most efficient immunoglobulin at:

A

activating the classical complement pathway

clumping together antigens (agglutination)

40
Q

Four subclasses of IgG:

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

41
Q

Most abundant/prevalent antibody in serum

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)

42
Q

The only antibody isotype that can cross the placenta
• Except_____

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)

IgG2

43
Q

Has the longest half-life (~______)

A

IgG

23 days

44
Q

Predominant antibody during secondary (anamnestic) immune response

A

IgG

45
Q

IgG

Most efficient in:

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
ADCC
Precipitation

46
Q

Can bind to mast cells or basophils and trigger these cells to release histamine and Fab region other inflammatory mediators.

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

47
Q

• a unique antibody with a specialized role in allergic responses and defense against parasites.

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

48
Q

iMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA)
• Exists as

A

both a monomer and dimer

49
Q

Mainly circulates in the serum
• Act as an anti-inflammatory agent

A

IgA1 (Monomer)

50
Q

• IgA1 (Monomer)
Mainly circulates in the_____
• Act as an______

A

serum

anti-inflammatory agent

51
Q

• Has a secretory component that protects it from being broken down by gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes

A

IgA2 (Dimer)

52
Q

• Predominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions

A

IgA2(Dimer)

53
Q

• IgA2 (Dimer)
• Predominant immunoglobulin in______
• Has a______ that protects it from being broken down by gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes

A

mucosal secretions

secretory component

54
Q

• It is the second type of immunoglobulin to Fab region appear on B cells

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)

55
Q

• Most IgD is found on the surface of…

A

immunocompetent, unstimulated
B lymphocytes alongside IgM.

56
Q

essential for the development of a highly specific and adaptable humoral immune response

A

CLASS SWITCHING

57
Q

• A biological process that allows B cells to change the class of antibody they produce while maintaining their antigen specificity

A

CLASS SWITCHING

58
Q

Mechanism of CLASS SWITCHING

A

Mechanism:

Initial IgM production

Activated T-helper cells release cytokines that signal B cells to undergo class-switching

Gene rearrangement (class switch
recombination)

Production of new antibody isotype

59
Q

CLASS SWITCHING

Mechanism:

Initial_________

_______release______ that signal _____to undergo class-switching

_______(class switch
recombination)

Production of______

A

IgM production

Activated T-helper cells; cytokines; B cells

Gene rearrangement

new antibody isotype

60
Q

AFFINITY vS. AVIDITY

Affinity:

Avidity:

A

AFFINITY: the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen

AVIDITY: represents the overall strength of the bond between a multivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen.

61
Q

the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen

A

Affinity

62
Q

represents the overall strength of the bond between a multivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen.

A

Avidity

63
Q

AGGLUTINATION

A

” the clumping of particles with antigens on their surfaces

64
Q

are more efficient at agglutination because their large size and multivalency permit more effective bridging of the space between cells caused by zeta potential

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies

65
Q

” IgM is the most efficient of all immunoglobulins at triggering the classical complement pathway because a single molecule can initiate the reaction as a result of its multiple binding sites

A

COMPLEMENT FIXATION

66
Q

• IgG antibodies can bind to specific
sites on toxins or viruses essential for their attachment to host cells.

A

NEUTRALIZATION

67
Q

This prevents the pathogen or toxin from interacting with the host cell, effectively neutralizing its ability to cause infection or damage.

A

NEUTRALIZATION

68
Q

Combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce visible insoluble complexes.

A

PRECIPITATION

69
Q

These cells achieve this by recognizing and binding to the Fc portion of the antibodies attached to the target cells.

A

ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT
CELL CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC)

70
Q

a process where “antibody-coated target cells” are destroyed by immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

A

ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT
CELL CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC)

71
Q

ADCC

A

Antibodies bind receptors on target cell surface

Effector cell Fc-receptors recognize cell-bound antibodies

Effector cell lyses target cell

Target cell death

72
Q

All the antibodies in a ______preparation are identical and originate from a single B cell lineage.

A

Monoclonal antibody

73
Q

• Purified immunoglobulin produced by cells cloned from a single fusion-type hybridoma cell.

A

MONOCLONALANTIBODIES

Immuno-Sero LEC (15 decks)

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