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Immuno-Sero LEC > ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY > Flashcards

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• Characteristics:

A

• Specificity for individual pathogens
• Ability to remember prior exposures
• Increased response upon repeated exposure

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity involves

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

T cells/lymphocytes

A

Mature in the thymus

Regulatory role

Help B cells respond to antigens

Kill virally infected target cells

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4
Q

Mature in the bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells
Produce antibodies

A

B cells/lymphocytes

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5
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Based on clonal selection, expansion, and differentiation of antigen-specific T and B cells

A

Immunologic Memory

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6
Q

Results of Immunologic Memory

A

Greater speed and intensity in response to re-encounter with the same pathogen

Protects host from reinfection

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7
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Lymphocyte Maturation
• Differentiation starts very early in…..
• Develops specificity and destroys possible…
• Involves well-orchestrated signaling
mechanisms

A

fetal development

self-reactive cells

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8
Q

Lymphocyte maturation

• Outcomes:

A

Creation of a wide variety of antigen-
specific receptors

Selection of helpful cells while avoiding
harmful ones

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9
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

  • Differentiation occurs in the thymus
A

• T Cells (60-80%)

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10
Q

Thymus
Outer cortex and inner medulla
• Early precursors enter the thymus at the_______ and migrate to the_____

A

cortico-medullary junction

outer cortex.

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11
Q

Chemokines

A

Drive migration
Recruit specific cells to particular sites

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12
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

• Precursors committed to becoming T cells
• Undergo gene rearrangement for antigen receptor
• Display distinct surface markers during development

A

Thymocytes

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13
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION
• Thymocytes

A

• Precursors committed to becoming T cells
• Undergo gene rearrangement for antigen receptor
• Display distinct surface markers during development

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14
Q

Double-Negative (DN) Thymocytes

A

• Lack CD4 and CD8 markers

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15
Q

Gene Rearrangement
• Random gene rearrangement builds diversity
• TCR consists of…

A

• T-Cell Receptor (TCR)

alpha (a) and beta (B)
chains

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16
Q

DOUBLE-POSITIVE (DP) STAGE

A

Express both CD4 and CD8 antigens

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17
Q

Positive Selection

A

• Allows only DP cells with functional TCR receptors to survive
• T cells must recognize foreign antigen with MHC molecules
• MHC Restriction
• Selection of thymocytes interacting with host MHC antigens

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18
Q

DOUBLE-POSITIVE (DP) STAGE
• Negative Selection

A

Occurs in corticomedullary region and medulla

Eliminates clones capable of autoimmune response

Only 1-3% of DP thymocytes in the cortex survive

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19
Q

MATURE T CELLS

A

• CD4 and CD8 Markers

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20
Q

• CD4 and CD8 Markers
Survivors exhibit only____ marker

A

one

Wither 4 or 8

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21
Q

• CD4+ T cells recognize antigen with______

Expressed by 2/3 of peripheral T cells

Thelper cells

A

class II MHC

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22
Q

CD8+ T cells interact with antigen and class______

Expressed by 1/3 of peripheral T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

A

I MHC

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23
Q

T HELPER CELLS
• Th1 cells produce IFN-v, IL-2, and TNF-
• protect cells against _______by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages

A

intracellular pathogens

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24
Q

T HELPER CELLS

• Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13
• help B cells produce antibodies against ______and to generally regulate
B-cell activity

A

extracellular pathogens

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25
Q

T HELPER CELLS

Possess CD4 and CD25
5% of all CD4+ T cells
Suppress immune response to self-antigens

A

T Regulatory (Treg) Cells

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26
Q

T HELPER CELLS

T Regulatory (Treg) Cells

Possess______
_____of all CD4+ T cells
Suppress immune response to self-antigens

A

CD4 and CD25

5%

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27
Q

______produce_____
Have proinflammatory effect
Stimulate growth of hematopoietic cells (mast cells); may promote autoimmune inflammation

A

Th9 cells

IL-9

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28
Q

•_____ cells produce_____ and _____
.
Increase inflammation and joint destruction

Associated with autoimmune disease

A

Th17

IL-17 and IL-22

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29
Q

activated by antigens in lymph nodes or spleen

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (Tc)

• CD8+ T cells

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30
Q

• Leave secondary lymphoid tissues, target infection sites
• Bind and kill infected cells via apoptosis, antigen-specific
• Recognize antigens with class I MHC complexes
• Defense against intracellular pathogens, altered host cells (tumor cells)

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (Tc)

• CD8+ T cells

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31
Q

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (Tc)
Mechanisms of Action:
Differentiate into_____, proliferate, migrate to affected tissues

Kill target cells via:
Releasing_____ (granzymes, perforins)

Inducing_____ via intracellular signaling

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes

granules

apoptosis

32
Q

Granule-Mediated Killing:
Granules contain:
_________form pores in target cell membrane

________enter through pores, initiate cascade fragmenting target cell DNA, disrupting mitochondria

A

Perforins (pore-forming proteins)

Granzymes (serine proteases)

33
Q

activate nuclease, destroying target cell and viral DNA

A

Granzymes

34
Q

B CELL DEVELOPMENT
• Origin and Initial Development:
• B cells originate from _____in the_____.
• Mature entirely within the____

A

hematopoietic stem cells; bone marrow

bone marrow

35
Q

B cell development

• The process includes three main phases:

A

Development of mature immunocompetent B cells

Activation by antigen

Differentiation into plasma cells for antibody production

36
Q

The earliest stage requiring direct contact with stromal cells and involving several transcription factors.

A

Pro-B Cells (progenitor B cells):

37
Q

B cells

Gene Rearrangement:
Heavy and light chain genes rearrange create specific antibody molecules.
Heavy chains:
Light chains:

Pro-B cell receptor____ interacts with stromal cell factors to trigger gene rearrangement.

A

chromosome 14

chromosome 2 and 22

C-Kit

38
Q

PRE-B CELLS
Heavy Chain Synthesis:
• Successful rearrangement of heavy chain genes leads to the synthesis of______ and the formation of the____

A

u chains (IgM class)

pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)

39
Q

PRE-B CRLLS

• Surrogate Light Chains:
u chains pair with surrogate light chains and signaling molecules

A

Ig-a, Ig-B

40
Q

PRE-B CELL

Clonal Expansion:
• Successful pre-BCR signaling triggers clonal expansion.

Failure leads to_____.

A

apoptosis

41
Q

IMMATURE B CELLS
• IgM Expression:
• Immature B cells express complete_____ molecules on their surface, indicating successful light chain rearrangement.

A

IgM

42
Q

IMMATURE B CELLS

Central Tolerance:
Self-reactive B cells are eliminated via apoptosis, a process known as…

Surviving immature B cells move to the spleen to mature.

A

central tolerance

43
Q

MATURE B CELLS
Further Differentiation:

In the spleen, B cells become_____ or_____

______remain in the spleen; follicular B cells circulate in secondary lymphoid organs

A

marginal zone B cells; follicular B cells

Marginal zone B cells

44
Q

Express IgD along with IgM, enhancing antigen recognition

A

MATURE B CELLS

45
Q

Lifespan and Activation:
Short lifespan unless activated by antigen

Activation transforms them into blast cells, then memory cells, and plasma cells

A

MATURE B CELLS

46
Q

are large, with abundant cytoplasmic immunoglobulin
and an eccentric nucleus.

A

PLASMA CELLS

47
Q

PLASMA CELLS

• Function:

A

Their primary role is antibody production.

They reside in peripheral lymphoid organs and the bone marrow.

48
Q

T CELLS
Develop in the____

Found in blood (____of circulating lymphocytes), thoracic duct fluid, lymph nodes

Identified by_____ formation with SRBCs

End products of activation are____

Antigens include_______

Located in____ region of lymph nodes

A

thymus

60-80%

rosette

cytokines

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8

paracortical

49
Q

B CELLS

Develop in the_____

Found in_________

Identified by_____

End product of activation is___

Antigens include________

Located in_____ region of lymph nodes

A

bone marrow

bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

surface immunoglobulin

antibody

CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, class II MHC

cortical

50
Q

Monocyte vs Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils for acute infections
Monocytes for chronic infections

51
Q

What determines the age of Neutrophils

A

of lobes

52
Q

% of Neutrophils

A

50-70%

53
Q

Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

A

Chemotaxis

54
Q

Marginal pool

A

In the walls of blood vessels

Allows neutrophils to move from circulating blood to the tissues

55
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils in tissue

A

5 days

56
Q

Frustrated phagocytes

A

Eosinophils

57
Q

Eosinophils are what %

A

1-3%

58
Q

Capable of phagocytosis but are much less efficient than NEU because of the smaller numbers present

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Relationship of EO and BASO

A

Eosinophil is responsible for moderating Basophils’ histamine production

It releases antihistamine

60
Q

During an allergic reaction the first cell to react is the

A

Basophils

61
Q

Largest cells in peripheral blood

A

Monocytes

62
Q

How is macrophage involved in adaptive immunity

A

It present antigens to T and B cells. These cells will study the anatomy of the bacteria so that on the next exposure, the IS can readily fight

63
Q

Basophils vs Mast cells

A

Both came from the bone marrow but Basophils stays in the blood vessels whereas Mast cells are segregated in the skin

No basophils in tissue
Sometimes, mast cells can be seen in blood (rare)

64
Q

More potent during allergic reaction? Why?

A

Mast cells

Bigger and contains more histamines. First responders during infections

65
Q

Most potent allergic cell

Most potent phagocytic cell

A

Mast cell

Dendritic cell

66
Q

Macrophages can only eat

A

Bacteria

67
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility complex

68
Q

Cytotoxic action

A

Produce perofrins and granzymes

69
Q

Unsa gina indicate if may antibody naka dikit sa cell

A

Most likely the cell is infected. Nk cell will attach to the Fc region (Fab attaches to the antigen)

70
Q

Thymosin

A

promotes the maturation of T-cells (a type of white blood cell) within the thymus. T-cells are essential for adaptive immunity, which is the body’s ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens.

71
Q

Positive vs Negative Selection

A

Positive Selection: Thymocytes that can moderately bind to self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules survive. This ensures that the T-cells can recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules.

Negative Selection: Thymocytes that bind too strongly to self-antigens are eliminated to prevent autoimmunity. This process ensures that the mature T-cells are self-tolerant.

72
Q

Class I MHC found in

A

All nucleated cells

73
Q

Class II MHC found in

A

Antigen presenting cells (ability to phagocytose)

74
Q

Th1 cells protect cells against

Th2 cells protect cells against

A

Intracellular pathogens

Extracellular pathogens

75
Q

Potent for tumor

A

Cytotoxic Tcells

Immuno-Sero LEC (15 decks)

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