Intro to gross anatomy Flashcards
Coronal plane
Any plane that divides the body into front and back sections parallel to the coronal suture
Sagittal plane
Any plane that divides the body into left and right sections parallel to the sagittal suture in the skull
Median plane
A sagittal plane that is directly in the middle of the body
Axial plane
Perpendicular to both sagittal and coronal planes dividing the body into upper and lower sections. Also called transverse or horizontal planes or cross sections.
Name the cardinal planes and what is the name of the plane that is not cardinal
The coronal, sagittal and axial planes. Any other plane is an oblique plane
What view is typical of imaging?
Inferior (from feet looking up)
Flexion
Bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body
Extension
Straightening of a flexed part of a joint
Abduction
Moving apart or away from the median plane
Adduction
Moving together or towards the median plane
Elevation
Moving superiorly
Depression
Moving inferiorly
Protraction
Moving something anteriorly
Retraction
Moving something posteriorly
Circumduction
To draw around or form a circle. Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly
Pronation
Rotation so the palm faces posteriorly
Opposition
Bringing the thumb pad across to the finger pads
Reposition
Bringing the thumb pad back to the anatomical position
Dermatome
An area of skin that is mainly supplied by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
List the spinal nerves
8 cranial nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves
Myotome
A group of muscles derived from one somite and supplied by a single spinal nerve. Muscles with common actions have common segmental supply, i.e. all muscles that act to flex the hip have the same myotome (or two)- L2 and L3
Write out table for myotomes for flexion/extension, dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion for the hip, knee, ankle, and toes
Nerve Hip Knee Ankle Toes
L2 Flexion
L3 Flexion Exten
L4 Extension Exten Dorsi
L5 Extension Flex Dorsi Extensi
S1 Flex Plantar Flexion/ exten
S2 Plantar Flexion
Describe compartment syndrome
When the pressure in a muscular compartment (where the muscle expansion is limited by deep fascia) becomes so excessive that the muscles in the compartment lose their blood supply and become ischaemic
When two bones meet they…
Articulate
Bones in the axial skeleton
Skull, spine, ribs, sternum, sacrum of pelvis
Bones in appendicular skeleton
Clavicle, scapula, limbs, illium, ischium, and pubis of pelvis
Long bones
e.g femur and humerus. Main components of limbs
Short bones
e.g. metacarpals and phalanges.
Flat bones
e.g. cranial bones and scapula. Provide protection and wide areas for muscle protection
Irregular bones
e.g. vertebra and tarsal bones. Complex and specifically formed for their function
Two main phases in the gait cycle
Stance and swing phase
Three phases within the stance phase
heel strike, foot progression, toe off.
Antalgic gait
Characterised by shortened stance phase on the affected side. Typically due to pain
Cerebellar ataxia
Characterised by slow pace and wide based stance. Due to loss of balance/ co-ordination. An example of a central neurological problem
High stoppage gait
Due to weakness of dorsiflexion. Characterised by a high stoppage gait with no heel strike. Can be due to central neurological problem, peripheral nerve problem or muscular problem.
