Intro to gross anatomy

Question 1

Coronal plane

Answer 1

Any plane that divides the body into front and back sections parallel to the coronal suture

Question 2

Sagittal plane

Answer 2

Any plane that divides the body into left and right sections parallel to the sagittal suture in the skull

Question 3

Median plane

Answer 3

A sagittal plane that is directly in the middle of the body

Question 4

Axial plane

Answer 4

Perpendicular to both sagittal and coronal planes dividing the body into upper and lower sections. Also called transverse or horizontal planes or cross sections.

Question 5

Name the cardinal planes and what is the name of the plane that is not cardinal

Answer 5

The coronal, sagittal and axial planes. Any other plane is an oblique plane

Question 6

What view is typical of imaging?

Answer 6

Inferior (from feet looking up)

Question 7

Flexion

Answer 7

Bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body

Question 8

Extension

Answer 8

Straightening of a flexed part of a joint

Question 9

Abduction

Answer 9

Moving apart or away from the median plane

Question 10

Adduction

Answer 10

Moving together or towards the median plane

Question 11

Elevation

Answer 11

Moving superiorly

Question 12

Depression

Answer 12

Moving inferiorly

Question 13

Protraction

Answer 13

Moving something anteriorly

Question 14

Retraction

Answer 14

Moving something posteriorly

Question 15

Circumduction

Answer 15

To draw around or form a circle. Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction

Question 16

Supination

Answer 16

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly

Question 17

Pronation

Answer 17

Rotation so the palm faces posteriorly

Question 18

Opposition

Answer 18

Bringing the thumb pad across to the finger pads

Question 19

Reposition

Answer 19

Bringing the thumb pad back to the anatomical position

Question 20

Dermatome

Answer 20

An area of skin that is mainly supplied by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

Question 21

List the spinal nerves

Answer 21

8 cranial nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves

Question 22

Myotome

Answer 22

A group of muscles derived from one somite and supplied by a single spinal nerve. Muscles with common actions have common segmental supply, i.e. all muscles that act to flex the hip have the same myotome (or two)- L2 and L3

Question 23

Write out table for myotomes for flexion/extension, dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion for the hip, knee, ankle, and toes

Answer 23

Nerve Hip Knee Ankle Toes
L2 Flexion
L3 Flexion Exten
L4 Extension Exten Dorsi
L5 Extension Flex Dorsi Extensi
S1 Flex Plantar Flexion/ exten
S2 Plantar Flexion

Question 24

Describe compartment syndrome

Answer 24

When the pressure in a muscular compartment (where the muscle expansion is limited by deep fascia) becomes so excessive that the muscles in the compartment lose their blood supply and become ischaemic

Question 25

When two bones meet they…

Answer 25

Articulate

Question 26

Bones in the axial skeleton

Answer 26

Skull, spine, ribs, sternum, sacrum of pelvis

Question 27

Bones in appendicular skeleton

Answer 27

Clavicle, scapula, limbs, illium, ischium, and pubis of pelvis

Question 28

Long bones

Answer 28

e.g femur and humerus. Main components of limbs

Question 29

Short bones

Answer 29

e.g. metacarpals and phalanges.

Question 30

Flat bones

Answer 30

e.g. cranial bones and scapula. Provide protection and wide areas for muscle protection

Question 31

Irregular bones

Answer 31

e.g. vertebra and tarsal bones. Complex and specifically formed for their function

Question 32

Two main phases in the gait cycle

Answer 32

Stance and swing phase

Question 33

Three phases within the stance phase

Answer 33

heel strike, foot progression, toe off.

Question 34

Antalgic gait

Answer 34

Characterised by shortened stance phase on the affected side. Typically due to pain

Question 35

Cerebellar ataxia

Answer 35

Characterised by slow pace and wide based stance. Due to loss of balance/ co-ordination. An example of a central neurological problem

Question 36

High stoppage gait

Answer 36

Due to weakness of dorsiflexion. Characterised by a high stoppage gait with no heel strike. Can be due to central neurological problem, peripheral nerve problem or muscular problem.