Intro to Fungi

Question 1

fungi are _______ organisms and have a cell membrane that consists of ________

Answer 1

eukaryotic, ergosterol

Question 2

what are most fungi’s classified by w/regards to their oqygen intake

Answer 2

strict aerobes, or facultative anaeorbes

Question 3

funci that typically become pathogenic have what virulence factor

Answer 3

capable of living/growing at high temps (37 degrees C)

Question 4

a unicellular fungi is referred to as a ________, whereas a multicellular fungi is called a ?

Answer 4

yeast, filamentous mold

Question 5

a mass of hyphae in a mold is known as ?

Answer 5

mycelium

Question 6

the cross walls in a mold are called _______, where as a mold without crosswalls is called ____?

Answer 6

septae, coenocytic

Question 7

what does dimorphism mean

Answer 7

a pathogenic fungi that can exist as molds and yeast

Question 8

what typically induces phase change in dimorphism

Answer 8

temperature

Question 9

which stage of dimorphism tends to be more pathogenic and why ? what is the exception to this rule

Answer 9

yeasts tend to be more pathogenic because they can survive at high temperature (37)
-EXCEPTION - Candida is a mold form pathogen

Question 10

more research on fungi is being conducted today for what 3 reasons

Answer 10

• people die from fungal infections
• profitable antifungal drugs
• genome sequencing of fungi

Question 11

fungi that become pathogenic can be encountered by what 2 broad mechanisms

Answer 11

• incidental environmental contact

- normal flora (yeasts)

Question 12

what are the main 2 host responses to eliminate fungal infections

Answer 12

• neutrophils (phagocytosis)

- t cell mediated immunity

Question 13

there are 3 types of mycoses, what are they

Answer 13

1 - endemic
2 - oppurtunistic
3 - Skin rashes (superficial cutaneous, or subcutaneous)

Question 14

what are the 3 endemic fungal pathogens

Answer 14

histoplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidiomycosis

Question 15

what type of mycoses usually cause infections in clusters ?

Answer 15

endemic fungal pathogens

Question 16

where is the “histo belt” for where histoplasmosos typically affects people

Answer 16

mid-southeastern US

Question 17

what endemic pathogen causes reticuloendothelial system infection

Answer 17

histoplasmosis

Question 18

where does endemic pathogen blastomycosis typically affect

Answer 18

Missisippi river vally and southeastern states

Question 19

histoplasmosis and blastomycosis both cause what type of infections

Answer 19

• pulmonary (pneumonia)

- disseminated infections (skin lesions)

Question 20

the virulence of both histoplsamosis and blastomycosis is directly related due to the transformation to the yeast phase triggered by ?

Answer 20

warmer temperatures of the human body

Question 21

what is the endemic pathogen coccidiomycosis host range

Answer 21

dry southwest

Question 22

what are spherules and what endemic pathogen has them as a virulence factor

Answer 22

large ball of hundreds of endospores making the pathogen hard to kill
-coccidiomycosis

Question 23

what endemic pathogen results in desert rheumatism or valley fever

Answer 23

coccidiomycosis

Question 24

which endemic pathogen has the ability to cause disseminated infections, and chronic meningitis ?

Answer 24

coccidiomycosis

Question 25

treatment of endemic pathogens both have mechanisms that attack what specif part of fungal pathogens

Answer 25

ergosterol component of cell membranes | -cuz its specific to fungi so wont affect host

Question 26

what is the difference b/w polyenes and azoles as treatment for endemic pathogens

Answer 26

polyenes - form channels in ergosterol | azoles - mess up ergosterol synthesis

Question 27

oppurtunistic fungal infections are NOT true ______ ?

Answer 27

pathogens

Question 28

who do oppurtunistic mycoses affect

Answer 28

immunocomprimised patients

Question 29

what is the most frequent oppurtunistic fungal pathogen ? and what is unique about this compared to other fungi ?

Answer 29

Candida albicans | -pathogenic in mycelial/mold form

Question 30

how is candida albicans aquired by the host

Answer 30

its normal endogenous flora, only affects in immunocomprimised patients

Question 31

what are the symptoms of candidiasis

Answer 31

thrush (white milky lesions) | -diaper rash

Question 32

what are the 5 oppurtunistic pathogens

Answer 32

``` candida cryptococcosis aspergillis mucormycosis pneumocystis ```

Question 33

which oppurtunistic pathogen produces melanin as a virulence factor which increases cell wall strength

Answer 33

cryptococcis

Question 34

in general, fungal pathogens that are inhaled cause what type of infection

Answer 34

pulmonary infection (pneumonia)

Question 35

what is the newest emerging oppurtunistic pathogen in the northwest states of the US

Answer 35

cryptococcus

Question 36

which oppurtunistic pathogen is known to be ubiquitous, but not part of the normal flora

Answer 36

aspergillis

Question 37

what are the 2 oppurtunistic pathogens found in normal skin flora

Answer 37

candida albicans and cryptococcus

Question 38

what oppurtunistic pathogen affects the lungs

Answer 38

aspergillis

Question 39

what opppurtunistic pathogen causes rhinocerebral form (diabetes patients) or disseminated pulmonary lesions

Answer 39

mucormycosis

Question 40

which oppurtunistic pathogen is confined ONLY to pulmonary spaces and cannot become disseminated

Answer 40

pneumocystis

Question 41

dermatophytes are characterized as what type of mycoses

Answer 41

rash causing fungi or superficial cutaneous

Question 42

seborrheic dermatitis and tinea versicolor are both the main outcomes of what type of mycosal pathogen

Answer 42

rash causing fungi or superficial cutaneous

Question 43

T/F dermatophytes are part of the normal skin flora

Answer 43

False

Question 44

what are the common name of dermatophyte skin infections

Answer 44

ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch, swamp ass

Question 45

what type of mycoses are known as "mycoses of immplantation"

Answer 45

subcutaneous mycoses (rash causing mycoses)

Question 46

what are the 2 types of rash causing mycosis

Answer 46

superficial cutaneous | subcutaneous

Question 47

most subcutaneous mycoses occur in what regions of the world

Answer 47

tropical areas

Question 48

What is the difference b/w antifungals allylamines and echinocandins

Answer 48

allylamines - blocks ergosterol synthesis | erchinocandins - block cell wall (NEW)