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FD1 > Intro to endoparasites > Flashcards

Intro to endoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

-an organism that lives on or in another living organism (host) -obtaining from it part or all of its nutrition or needs of existence -and imposing some degree of damage on host

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2
Q

What are microparasites?

A

-bacteria, viruses and fungi

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3
Q

Parasites are:

A

-Eukaryotic (defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles) -more evolutionary advanced organisms -have complex lifecycles

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4
Q

How have parasites evolved?

A

-co-evolved with their hosts over millions of years -longer evolutionary association = less damage to host -dangerous if infect wrong host

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5
Q

What parasites are host specific?

A

-Eimeria

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6
Q

What parasites can infest a wide range of host species?

A

-Sarcoptes scabiei

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7
Q

What can be their effect?

A

-chronic morbidity/ production losses

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8
Q

What are the parasite groups?

A

-Endoparasites (Protozoa, Helminths) -Ectoparasites

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9
Q

What are Protozoan parasites?

A

-single celled -microscopic -motile -often invade host cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 groups of protozoan parasites?

A

-Excavata -Trypanosoma spp. -Leishmania spp. -Giardia spp. -Trichomonas spp. -ALveolata -APICOMPLEXA

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11
Q

What are the 2 groups of Helminths?

A

-Phylum Platyhelminthes -Class Trematoda (fluke) -Class Cestoda (tapeworm) -Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

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12
Q

Describe the features of helminths

A

-complex multicellular organisms -2mm-20m -do not multiply in mammalian hosts -usually cause chronic infection and disease

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13
Q

What are Trematodes?

A
  • all in subclass Digenea -‘Digenetic’- means there are 2 or more generations in different hosts to complete the lifecycle
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14
Q

Describe the general adult morphology of a helminth

A

-2 suckers -blind-ended gut (no anus) -all hermaphrodite apart from schistosomes

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15
Q

Describe Cestodes

A

-segmented adults -1cm-20m -always parasitic -hermaphrodite

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16
Q

Describe cestode pathogensis

A

-adult worms rarely pathogenic -juveniles usually pathogenic (cysts in muscles, organs, tissues, eyes, brain)

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17
Q

How long are adult tapeworms?

A

-1cm-20m long

18
Q

Describe Nematode adult morphology

A

-all are dioecious

19
Q

Describe parasite lifecycles

A

-if only 1 host lifecycle is DIRECT -if 2+ hosts lifecycle is INDIRECT

20
Q

What is the DEFINITIVE HOST?

A

-host in which the adult reaches maturity (+sexually reproduces)

21
Q

What is the INTERMEDIATE HOST?

A

-host harbouring developing stages

22
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

-the biological mechanisms leading to a disease state

23
Q

What is parasite pathogenesis?

A

-how a parasite infection causes disease

24
Q

What are the features of parasitic diseases?

A

-usually long term and chronic -mortality usually only occurs after long period of sickness -disease severity often depends on parasite burden -pathology may simply be a side effect of infection/ OR an adaptive strategy to enhance parasite transmission

25
Q

What is trypanotolerant?

A

-survive in tsetse-trypanosome infested areas

26
Q

Which species are trypanotolerant?

A

-N’Dama cattle -Djallonke sheep -West African Dwarf goats

27
Q

Does Bos indicus or taurus show more resistance?

A

-Bos indicus

28
Q

Name other host factors

A

-Immunosuppression -Co-infections -Nutritional status

29
Q

How do parasites cause disease?

A

-cause trauma to host cells, tissues and organs -change cell growth patterns- necrosis, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia -divert host resources -produce toxins -induce host immune responses -transmit other infections -enable secondary infections to establish

30
Q

Can parasites be good for the host?

A

-Hygiene hypothesis: -exposure to a wide range of pathogens crucial for a proper immune response -as sanitation improves, exposure to pathogens declines -results in increased immune disregulation with concomitant rise in allergies and autoimmunity

31
Q

What is this structure?

A

-Apicomplexa

32
Q

What is this?

A

-tapeworm

33
Q

What is this?

A

-roundworm

34
Q

What is this?

A

-fluke

35
Q

What is this?

A

-fluke

36
Q

What is this?

A

-tapeworm

37
Q

What is this?

A

-adult tapeworm

38
Q

What is this?

A
  • adult nematode
  • females have vulva
  • both have anus and mouth
39
Q

Describe the general lifecycle of trematodes

A
40
Q

Describe the general lifecycle of cestodes

A

FD1 (31 decks)

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