Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FD1 > Chronic inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks/months/years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur?

A

-The acute inflammation
response fails to remove the stimulus

  • Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
  • The stimulus or microbe has unique biochemical characteristics or virulence factors which incite chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mechanisms of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Persistent or resistant infections
  • Isolation
  • Unresponsiveness to phagocytosis or enzymatic breakdown (e.g. plant material, asbestos)
  • Autoimmunity (response to self antigens promote chronic inflammation) or defects in leukocyte function
  • Idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the chronic inflammation response maintained by?

A
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
  • Other inflammation mediators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What incites chronic inflammation?

A
  • Ongoing inflammation mediated by infiltration and activation of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and multinucleate giant cells
  • Tissue destruction
  • Proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen
  • Angiogenesis and neovascularisation (granulation tissue formation)
  • Initiation of wound healing (reepitheliasation and tissue repair)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beneficial aspects of chronic inflammation?

A

-‘Walling off’ the inciting agent or substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Harmful aspects of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Space occupying lesions (focal, multifocal, diffuse) can be formed resulting in:
    • Displacement, replacement or obliteration of original tissue
    • Loss of function
    • Clinical significance determined by the size, tissue and position

-Dysplasia and malignant transformation of chronically inflamed tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do birds and reptile lack?

A

-Myeloperoxidase (in neutrophils)- so unable to liquefy neutrophils into pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • Distinct type of chronic inflammation
  • Dominated by cells of the monocyte-macrophage system
  • take the form of macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells (MCGs)
  • These cells may be :
    • dispersed as sheets at random within tissue (diffuse or lepromatous granulomas)
    • arranged in descrete masses or nodules (nodular or tuberculoid granulomas)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Nodular (tuberculoid) granulomas?

A

-Develop with a T helper lymphocyte Type 1 response

  • May or may not have a central core of necrotic debris, which can mineralise
    - with necrotic core = caseating
    - without= noncaseating
  • Microscopic appearance:
    - Round to oval
    - Numerous macrophages with variable number of epithelioid macrophages, MCGs
    - Peripheral zone of fibroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells
    - may have fibrous capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of Nodular granulomas?

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis/ Tuberculosis

- Deep fungal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Diffuse (lepromatous) granulomas?

A
  • Develop with a T Helper Lymphocte Type 2 response
  • Poorly delineated, forming sheets within tissue
  • Composed of numerous macrophages and few lymphocytes and plasma cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of Diffuse (lepromatous) granulomas?

A
  • Mycobacterium avian subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)
  • Mycobacterium lapraemurium (Feline leprosy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Eosinophilic granulomas?

A

-Characterised by dense infiltration of eosinophils, macrophages and varying numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do all species have?

A
  • Eosinophilic (TH2) granuloma secondary to parasitic infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do cats have?

A
  • Eosinophilic plaque
  • Eosinophilic granuloma
  • Eosinophilic dermatitis
17
Q

What do dogs have?

A

-Eosinophilic granuloma of oral cavity of huskies and other breeds

18
Q

What do horses have?

A
  • Equine collagenolytic granuloma
  • Axillary nodular necrosis
  • Unilateral papular dermatosis
19
Q

What is Pyogranulomatous inflammation?

A
  • A pyogranuloma = nodular granuloma with a central area of neutrophils
  • same cellular constituents as granulomatous inflammation
  • Also contains neutrophils, plasma proteins and fibrin (acute inflammation response)
  • Occurs when the inciting stimulus continues to elicit and acute inflammatory response
20
Q

What is lymphoplasmacytic inflammation?

A
  • also called chronic inflammation (often seen in the early stages)
  • composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells (lymphoplasmacytic)
  • sometimes lymphocytes and macrophages predominate over plasma cells (=lymphohistiocytic)
  • seen in response to specific microbes e.g. viruses
21
Q

What is chronic-active inflammation?

A
  • occurs when inciting cause has not been removed from the exudate of a chronic inflammatory response
  • Cellular components of chronic inflammation (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages)
  • Also constituents of acute inflammation (neutrophils, fibrin, plasma proteins)
22
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • first type of leukocyte recruited into acute inflammation response
  • Kill microbes
  • Kill tumour cells
  • eliminate foreign material
  • Phagocytosis and secretion/release of contents of granules
  • allow time for adaptive immune response to act
23
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Recruited by eosinophil chemoattractants present in allergic and parasitic diseases
  • enter at transition between acute and chronic inflammation
  • prominent granules that release basic protein
    • when activated- produce cytokines, chemokines, proteases, oxidative radical
      - contribute to damage in many diseases
24
Q

NK cells

A
  • enter regions of acute inflammation hour to days after onset
  • Lyse tumour cells and virus infected cells without prior encounter
  • Release perforin from cytoplasmic granules
25
Q

Monocytes and macrophages

A
  • enter acute inflammation 12-48 hours after onset
  • circulating monocytes mature to macrophages in this environment due to cytokines, antigens
  • Tissues have resident macrophages e.g. alveolar, Kupffer. microglial
  • set stage for chronic inflammation
  • main trigger for adaptive immune response
26
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • enter sites of acute inflammation 12-48 hours after onset
  • recruited by chemokines, cytokines
  • part of adaptive immune response
  • contribute to chronic inflammetion, autoimmune disease, and diseases with persistent antigen
  • plasma cells differentiate to B lymphocytes- secrete immunoglobulin
27
Q

Mott cells?

A
  • lymphocytes

- ‘constipated’ plasma cells

28
Q

Mast cells

A
  • Normally distributed in connective tissue adjacent to blood and lymphatic vessels of skin and mucous membranes
  • allows rapid response to antigens (mainly in acute inflammation, but is found in chronic)
29
Q

Other cells contributing to inflammation:

A
  • Endothelial
  • Fibroblasts
  • Dendritic
  • Epithelium

FD1 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions