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FD1 > Intro to ectoparasites > Flashcards

Intro to ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of a true parasite?

A
  • evolutionary advanced organisms
  • complex lifecycles
  • intermediate hosts
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2
Q

What is ‘Commensals’?

A

-the host and parasite tolerate each other (don’t cause harm)

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3
Q

What is ‘Symbiotes’?

A

-the host and parasite work together- mutually beneficial

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4
Q

What is an example of a micropredator?

A

-mosquito

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5
Q

What are the different types of ectoparasite?

A
  1. Arthropods
    • 85% of all animals
    • jointed legs/ limbs
    • exoskeleton (chitin)
    • cold blooded
    • seasonal/ semipermanent parasites
  2. Acari
    • mites
    • ticks
  3. Insects
    • lice
    • fleas
    • flies
  4. Crustacea
    • fish ‘lice’
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6
Q

What are obligate and facultative ectoparasites?

A
  • Obligate - completely parasitic
  • Facultative- can be free-living or parasitic
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7
Q

What is the difference between permanent and semi-permanent ectoparasites?

A

-Permanent

  • spends entire life-cycle on host
  • passive spread host to host
  • treat host

-Semi-permanent

  • spends part of lifecycle off the host
  • actively seeks host
  • treat host and/or environment
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8
Q

Example of permanent ectoparasite?

A

-lice

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9
Q

Example of semi-permanent ectoparasite?

A

-fleas

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10
Q

Where do ectoparasites live on the host?

A

-skin

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11
Q

How to ectoparasites damage skin?

A
  • blood feeding
  • directly- though feeding
  • indirectly- allergic response
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12
Q

What are the clinical signs an animal has ectoparasites?

A
  • anaemia
  • prutitus (itching)
  • rubbing and scratching
  • scab lesion- allergic reaction
  • traumatic wounds
  • hair balls (excessive grooming)
  • structural damage (excessive rubbing)
  • loss of body condition
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13
Q

What can Pruritus be induced by?

A
  1. mechanical stimuli
    • physical activity of parasite
    • sensation recieved by free nerve ending in skin
      1. allergic reaction
    • cuticle, secretions, excretions
    • bites
    • stings
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14
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A
  • enhanced state of responsiveness following sensitisation to a particular antigen
  • releasing pharmacologically active substances e.g. histamine, dilating blood vessels, increaing permeability
  • allowing fluid and cells of the immune system to leak from bloodstream and migrate to tissue injury
  • in hypersensitivity- mast cells release histamine in inordinate amounts (results in acute pruritis
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15
Q

What can induce pruritus?

A
  • substance P
  • cytokines
  • proteases
  • histamine (main)
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16
Q

Problems associated with ectoparasites?

A
  1. Animal welfare issues
  2. loss of production
  3. Expensive/ controversial control methods
    • human/animal toxicity
    • environment
    • withdrawal periods
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17
Q

What ectoparasites are host specific?

A

-lice

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18
Q

Which ectoparasites have low host specificity?

A
  • fleas
  • mites
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19
Q

Name the different types of host

A
  • Clinical host (adverse effects presented)
  • Reservoir host (no apparent adverse effects)
  • Transport host (increase ectoparasite survivability off the clinical/reservoir host, no adverse effects)
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20
Q

What is the class and subclass for mites and ticks?

A
  • Class - Arachnida
  • Subclass - Acari
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21
Q

What is contained in the superorder Acariformes?

A
  1. Astigmata
    • free-living
    • fungivorous
    • mites
    • ecto/endo
  2. Prostigmata
    • free-living and parasitic
  3. Oribatidae
    • free-living soil dwellers
    • intermediate hosts of mammalian tapeworm spp
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22
Q

What is contained in superorder Parasitiformes?

A
  1. Mesostigmata
    • free-living
    • fast moving
    • ecto
  2. Ixodida
    • ticks
    • high specialised blood feeders
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23
Q

What are parasitic mites classified according to?

A
  • the presence and position of the stigmata and peritreme
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24
Q

What do the respiratory systems comprise of?

A
  • internal trachea
  • opening to a pair of stigmata (spiracles)
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25
Q

What is the peritreme?

A
  • the stigmata often extend anteriorly into an open canal/ groove (peritreme)
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26
Q

Describe the respiration of Astigmata

A
  • stigmata, peritreme, tracheal system all ABSENT
  • breath through cuticle
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27
Q

Describe respiration of Protigmata

A
  • breathing cord under the head
  • stigmata located on gnathosoma (mouthparts)
  • peritreme ‘M’ shaped
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28
Q

Describe respiration of Oribatidae (Cryptostimata)

A
  • stigmata hidden from view
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29
Q

Describe respiration of Mesostigmata

A
  • long breathing canal (can live in dry environments)
  • one pair stigmata located laterall in region of coxae II and III
  • petriemes run laterally down side of mite
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30
Q

Describe respiration of Ixodida (Metastigmata)

A
  • stigmata situated on ventrolateral surfaces
  • posterior to coxae IV on a spiracular (stigmatic) plate
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31
Q

What is this?

A

-Prostigmatid mite

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32
Q

What is this?

A

-Mesostigmatid mite

33
Q

What is this?

A

-Oribatid mite

34
Q

Describe the lifecycle of an Astigmatid mite

A
  • egg
  • larva (6 legs)
  • protonymph (8 legs)
  • tritonymph (8 legs)
  • nymphs are not sexually dimorphic
  • adults are males and females
  • mate
  • female moults into egg laying stage (ovigerous)
  • male mates again
35
Q

What is the lifecycle length of Chorioptes bovis?

A

-21 days

36
Q

Lifecycle length of Psoroptes ovis?

A

-14 days

37
Q

Is this mite male or female?

A

-female

38
Q

Is this mite male or female?

A
  • male
  • has suckers at the bottom
39
Q

Name the non-burrowing mites

A
  • Astigmata
    • Otodectes
    • Chorioptes
    • Psoroptes
  • Prostigmata
    • Chyletiella
40
Q

Name the burrowing mites

A
  • Astigmata
    • Sarcoptes
    • Notoedres
    • Trixacarus
    • Cnemidocopters
  • Prostigmata
    • Demodex
    • Psorobia
41
Q

What are the results of Mange (Scabies)?

A
  • Traumatic damage (burrowing, feeding, scratching)
  • Allergic dermatitis
    • salivary secretions
    • sloughed skin (exuvia)
    • excreta (guanine)
    • peritrophic membrane (around excreta) - passes out as envelope
42
Q

What is Transient Mange?

A
  • caused by free living Astigmatic mites
  • feed infested with mites (swarm over head)
  • tempory (good food hygiene)
43
Q

What is Sarcoptic Mange?

A
  • -Sarcoptes scabiei
  • burrowing Astigmatid mite
  • infest wide range of hosts
  • Genotypic similarities (ITS-2 of mRNA)
  • zoonotic
44
Q

What has caused this?

A

-S.Scabeie var ovis

45
Q

What has caused this?

A

-S.Scabiei var suis

46
Q

What type of mange is shown?

A

-Alopecic mange

47
Q

What type of mange is shown?

A

-Hyperkeratotic mange

48
Q

What is Demodex?

A
  • found in most mammalian species
  • canine = red mange
  • thick scabs
49
Q

What causes Psoroptic mange?

A
  • Psoroptes spp
  • non-burrowing mite
  • wide range of hosts
  • phenotypic differences- L4 OOS
  • genotypic similarities (ITS-2 of mRNA)
  • not zoonotic
50
Q

What are the different Psoroptes mites?

A
  • P.ovis/P.cuniculi
    • body/ ears of wide host range
  • P.natalensis
    • cattle
    • body only
51
Q

What does this show?

A

-Psoroptes ovis/ P.cuniculi

52
Q

Describe the lifecycle of the 3 host tick (Ixodes ricinus)

A

4 stages

  • egg
  • larva (once fed larva and nymphs drop off host to digest blood meal and moult)
  • nymph
  • adult
53
Q

What is this?

A

-tick (Ixodes ricinus)

54
Q

What are the features of lice (Pthiraptera) ?

A
  • permanent parasites
  • blood sucking (vectors of disease)
  • chewing
55
Q

What is this?

A
  • Lice (pediculosis)
  • chewing (mallophaga)
56
Q

What is this?

A
  • Lice (Pediculosis)
  • sucking (anoplura)
57
Q

What are lices adaptations to parasitic life?

A
  • dorso-ventral flattening
  • head and mouthparts directed down
  • reduced number antennal segements
  • thoracic and abdominal spiracles
  • specialised legs and claws
58
Q

How would you describe the lifecycle of lice?

A
  • incomplete metamorphosis
  • mother to offspring (vertical transmission)
  • shared combs and brishes (mechanical)
59
Q

Describe the features of fleas (Siphonaptera)

A
  • semi-permanent
  • blood sucking
  • vectors of disease
60
Q

What is this?

A

-rabbit flea

61
Q

What is used to identify flea species?

A
  • front and back combs
62
Q

How are fleas adapted to parasitism?

A
  • laterally flattened
  • antennae recessed in fossae
  • head sessile on pro-thorax
  • body covered in backward pointing hair (setae)
  • many cases- combs (cyenidia)
  • this all allows for easy movement through fur/feather
63
Q

Describe the fleas found in cats

A

99% = Ctenocephalides felis

1% =

  • Ctenocephaliides canis
  • Archaeopsylla erinacei
  • Pulex irritans
  • Spilosyllus cuniculi
64
Q

Describe the fleas found in dogs

A

93% = Ctencephalides felis

7% =

  • Ctenocephalides canis
  • Archaeopsylla erinacei
  • Pulex irritans
  • Ceratophyllus fasciatus
65
Q

What effects do fleas have on their hosts?

A
  • flea allergy dermititis
  • anaemia
  • vectors of disease
    • tapeworm (dipylidium)
    • cat scratch disease
    • myxomatosis
    • bubonic plague
    • murine typhus
  • human involvement
  • welfare
66
Q

How would you describe the lifecycle of fleas?

A

Complete metamorphosis

67
Q

Describe the lifecycle of fleas

A
  • Nidicolous
  • adults 5%
  • immature 95%
    • eggs 50%
    • larvae 35%
    • pupae 10% (resistant stage
  • may use host hormones to become pregnant themselves (rabbit flea)
68
Q

Describe the features of flies

A
  • semi permanent
  • blood sucking
  • secretophagous
  • myiasis
69
Q

What is this?

A

head fly (hydrotea irritans)

70
Q

What is Myiasis?

A
  • infestation of living tissue by larvae (maggots) of the true flies (Diptera)
71
Q

What is this?

A

human bot fly

72
Q

What is this?

A

screwworm

73
Q

Name the different variations of myiasis

A
  1. Obligate
    • warble flies
    • horse bots
    • sheep nasal bots
  2. Facultative
    • sheep blowfly strike
  3. Accidental
    • hover fly larvae
    • crane fly larvae
74
Q

What is this?

A

horse bot

75
Q

What are the different species of horse bots?

A
  1. G.intestinalis (widely distributed, larvae burrow into mucous membrane of tongue
  2. G.nasalis (eggs hatch sponateously)
  3. G.haemorrhoidalis (eggs hatch in response to moisture)
  4. G.inermis (hatch spontaneously)

(migrate to stomach (56%), intestine (25%), rectum (12%)

76
Q

What are the effects of horse bots?

A
  • swelling at the point of entry
  • oesophageal ulcers
  • chronic gastritis
  • loss of condition
77
Q

What is the damage caused by oestrus ovis?

A

Adult flies:

  • interrupted feeding
  • ‘gadding’

Migrating larvae

  • irritation
  • catarrhal discharge
  • avoidance behaviour
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • inflammation of mucus membranes
  • preventing L3 escape
78
Q

What are Hippoboscid flies?

A
  • obligate
  • permanent parasites
  • often called ‘sheep tick’
  • wingless
  • blood sucking
  • pupae attached to wool
  • emerge in 2 weeks
79
Q

Biting flies: what diseases are they vectors for?

A
  • Schmallenberg virus (SBV)
  • Bluetongue Disease Virus (BTDV)

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