Chronic cell injury and adaptations Flashcards
1
Q
If the injury is sublethal and chronic the cells may:
A
- adapt
- accumulate normal or abnormal substances
2
Q
What is autophagy?
A
- self eating
- survival mechanism
- consume damaged organelles
- consume own proteins and carbs as a source of nutrition
- protects cell from death
- limits inflammation if cell dies
3
Q
What is heterophagy?
A
- where a cell phagocytosis another cell or part of another cell
4
Q
What epithelium is this showing?
A
- normal ep
- simple columnar of mammary gland
- purple shows nuclei
5
Q
What is shown here?
A
- atrophy = decrease in tissue mass due to decreased size and/ or number of cells after it has reached normal size
6
Q
What are the causes of atrophy?
A
- nutrient deprivation
- loss of hormonal stimulation
- decreased workload
- loss of innervation
- compression
7
Q
What is hypoplasia?
A
- tissues decreased in size because they never developed completely
8
Q
What is this showing?
A
- Hypertrophy = increase in tissue mass due to increased size of cells (parenchymal cells, not stroma or leukocytes)
- increased size and number of organelles within cells (not water)
9
Q
Causes of hypertrophy?
A
- increased workload
- increased hormonal stimulation
10
Q
What is this showing?
A
- Hyperplasia = increase tissue mass due to increased number of cells
- subsides if stimulus removed
11
Q
Causes of hyperplasia?
A
- increased workload
- increased hormonal stimulation
- inflammation
- physical trauma
(can be precursor to neoplastic transformation)
12
Q
What is this showing?
A
- Metaplasia = change from 1 differentiated cell type to another
- e.g. squamous metaplasia (replacement of glandular with stratified squamous ep)
- can be seen in healing after mastitis
13
Q
Purpose of metaplasia?
A
- protective mechanism
- can have negative consequences
14
Q
What is this showing?
A
- Dysplasia = abnormality in formation of a tissue
- in ep it implies:
- increase in number of poorly differentiated cells
- disorganised arrangment
- variable appearance
- can be precursor to neoplasia
15
Q
Why do injured cells accumulate exogenous and endogenous substances?
A
- altered metabolism
- genetic mutations
- exposure to indigestable exogenous substances
16
Q
What is Lipidosis?
A
- accumulation of lipid within parenchymal cells e..g. hepatocytes
17
Q
Causes of lipidosis?
A
- increased fatty acid metabolism
- abnormal cell metabolism
- impaired release of lipoproteins
18
Q
What is the appearance of lipidosis?
A
- swollen, yellowed liver
- greasy texture
- may float in water
19
Q
What is the micro appearance of lipidosis?
A
- sharply defined large lipid vacuoles
- distend the cytoplasm
- displace the nucleus peripherally
- can see spaces where fat would be (washes out)
20
Q
Where is glycogen normally stored?
A
- hepatocytes
- skeletal muscle cells
21
Q
In what situations is glycogen depleted?
A
- starvation
- sick animals
22
Q
When does glycogen accumulated intracellularly?
A
- excessive in glycogen storage disease
- in the liver with diabetes mellitus and canine hyperadrenocorticism
23
Q
What is the gross appearance of glycogen hepatopathy?
A
- mottled
- brown
- swollen liver
- if cut with a knife would not be greasy - not lipidosis
24
Q
What is the micro appearance of glycogen hepatopathy?
A
- poorly defined
- small
- irreguarly shaped vacuoles (feathery)
25
What colour does protein stain with H&E?
* pink
26
What colour do nucleic acid stain?
* blue
27
What would you observe with the accumulation of protein in cells?
* Hylaine = glassy appearance
28
When can protein accumulation be normal?
* Russell bodies of plasma cells
29
What is this showing?
* kidney
* purple is nucleus
* pink is cytoplasm
* granular and dark pink cytoplasm = protein that shouldnt be there
30
What are viral inclusion bodies?
* feature of some viruses
* can be intranuclear, intracytoplasmic or both
* can be eosinophilic, basophilic or amphophilic
31
What is this showing?
* virus (pink blobs in the nucleus and cytoplasm)
32
Name the examples of extracellular accumulations
* hyaline (protein) substances
* pathological calcification
33
What is this showing?
* hyaline substance accumulation (extracellular)
* stain homogenously eosinophilic on H&E stains
* not indicative of a single protein
* (kidney)
34
What is this showing?
* hyaline protein accumulation in kidney
* protein casts in the lumen of renal tubules (albumin, haemoglobin, myoglobin)
* serum or plasma in blood vessels
* serum proteins in vessel walls
* collagen fibres in some scare
* collegaen encusted with proteins from eosinophils
* thickened basement membranes
* fibrin thrombi
* amyloid
35
What is this showing?
* Pathological calcification
* deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues
36
What is Metastatic calcification?
* calcification of soft tissues due to elevated serum calcium e.g.
* renal failure
* PTHrp in some neoplasms
* bone invasion and lysis in some neoplasms
* Vit D toxicity
37
What is dystrophic calcification?
* calcification of dead tissue (soft tissue necrosis)
* body is trying to make the tissue more inert
* calcium does not react with anything
38
What is Calcinosis cutis?
* calcification of the ep and collagen of the skin
* canine hyperglucocortioidism (Cushings)
39
What is Calcinosis circumscripta?
* localised calcification of the dermis or subcutis
* tends to happen on pressure points/ often bony prominences
* a form of dystrophic calcification
40
Name the exogenous pigmented substances
* carbon and dust
* anthracosis (black carbon pigment)
* pneumoconiosis (lung disease due to dust)
* tattoos
* pigmentation of lymph nodes
* carotenoid pigments
* yellow colouration to plasam and lipid laden cells
* tetracycline
* yellow to brown discolouration of teeth if present during tooth development + bone
41
What are the nonhaematogenous pigments?
1. melanin
2. lipofuscin
3. ceroid
42
What is this showing?
* Melanosis = localised deposits of melanin (not a lesion)
43
What does copper deficiency cause?
* fading coat colour (copper required in production of melanin)
44
What is vitiligo?
* autoimmune attack of melanocytes
45
What is lipofuscin?
* yellow-brown lipoprotein that accumulates as residual bodies in secondary lysosomes
46
What is ceroid?
= lipofuscin-like but accumulates in disease states (particularly oxidative stress)
47
What are the haematogenous pigments?
* haemoglobin
* haematin
* haemosiderin
* haematoidin
* bilirubin
* porhyria
48
