INTRO TO COGNITION Quiz #8

Question 1

Semantic Memory

Answer 1

General knowledge about the world, impersonal and shared.

Helps categorize, predict, and organize.

Variability in semantic knowledge impairment suggests different brain regions support distinct types of knowledge.

An idea encompassing all associated attributes (Medin, 1989).

Question 2

Category

Answer 2

A group of similar objects/entities sharing an essential core or similarity (Lin & Murphy, 2001).

Question 3

Prototype View according to (Wittgenstein, 1953)

Answer 3

Idealized abstraction of a category

Not all members have the same features, but typical members have very common features

Question 4

Prototype View according to (Rosch, 1973)

Answer 4

Some members of a group seem more typical than others because they share more common features with the group.

Question 5

Typicality Ratings

Answer 5

Faster categorization of more typical examples (e.g., robin > chicken for “bird”).

Question 6

Basic Level Categorization

Answer 6

Most fundamental psychological level (Rosch et al.)

Question 7

What did Collins & Quillian (1969) define?

Answer 7

Hierarchical model
Spreading Activation
Cognitive Economy

Question 8

What are Hierarchical model according too Collins & Quillian (1969)?

Answer 8

Is a classic framework in cognitive psychology that represents concepts as nodes in a hierarchical network. This model was developed to explain how people organize and retrieve semantic information.

Question 9

What are Spreading Activation according too Collins & Quillian (1969)?

Answer 9

Activation spreads from one node to other related nodes in a semantic network

Question 10

What are Cognitive Economy according too Collins & Quillian (1969)?

Answer 10

Minimizing redundancy by storing shared attributes only once.

Refers to the principle that information in the semantic network is stored in a way that minimizes redundancy

Question 11

What are the limitations of Collins & Quillian (1969)

Answer 11

Cannot explain typicality effects or inconsistent response times.

Question 12

What is the Revised Model according too Collins & Loftus

Answer 12

They got rid of the strict hierarchy and connected concepts based on how closely they are related.

Question 13

What is Semantic Priming in the Revised Model?

Answer 13

Faster response to semantically related items (e.g., bread → butter).

Question 14

What are the two features of the Feature Comparison Models according too
Smith, Shoben & Rips (1974)

Answer 14

Two types of features:
Defining (essential for all instances).
Characteristic (common but not necessary).

Question 15

What are the verification stages in the Feature Comparison Models according too of the Feature Comparison Models according too
Smith, Shoben & Rips (1974)

Answer 15

First, compare the features to see how much they match. If the match isn’t clear, only check the most important features

Question 16

How does the Feature Comparison Models
Explain the typicality effect

Answer 16

Typical examples (robin as bird) are verified faster.

Question 17

Connectionist Models

Answer 17

Inspired by the brain’s structure.
Information is distributed across a network of nodes (neurons).

Features:
Parallel Processing
Learning and Knowledge Storage

Question 18

What is Parallel Processing in the Connectionist Models

Answer 18

Many nodes interact simultaneously.

Question 19

What is Learning and Knowledge and storage in the Connectionist Models

Answer 19

Stored in the connections’ strength, not in individual nodes.

Question 20

What are the criticism of the Connectionist Models

Answer 20

Limited alignment with neurological mechanisms