Intro To Cognition (Quiz #3)

Question 1

What is pattern recognition?

Answer 1

The ability to categorize, distinguish, recognize, and select objects using various senses, primarily in the visual modality.

Question 2

What is the importance of pattern recogntiion?

Answer 2

Essential for performing cognitive tasks.
Basis for other cognitive skills.
Relies on both bottom-up and top-down processes.
Issues in pattern recognition can lead to cognitive difficulties.

Question 3

What are the processes involved in pattern recognition?

Answer 3

Bottom-Up Processing
Top-Down Processing

Question 4

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 4

Uses context clues to recognize or identify a stimulus.

Question 5

What is top-down processing?

Answer 5

Helps with ambiguous stimuli by filling in missing details.

Question 6

What are the stages of analysis?

Answer 6

Parsing
Feature Analysis
Holistic Analysis

Question 7

What is parsing?

Answer 7

Breaking down a pattern into its constituent parts.

Question 8

What is feature analysis

Answer 8

A fine-grained analysis of features (e.g., lines, shapes).

Question 9

What is object recognition?

Answer 9

The ability to identify an object or category based on the combination of visual features observed.

The visual representations that allow us to recognize objects do more than merely tell us what we are looking at.

Question 10

What are the key concepts of speech recognition?

Answer 10

Phonomeme
Segmentation

Question 11

What are Phonomemes?

Answer 11

Minimal units of speech, e.g., “bat” has /b/, /a/, /t/.

Question 12

What is Segmentation?

Answer 12

Dividing continuous speech into words/phonemes.

Question 13

What is voicing?

Answer 13

Vibration of vocal cords.

Question 14

What is the place of articulation?

Answer 14

the spot in your mouth or throat where airflow is blocked or narrowed when making a sound

Question 15

What are unconscious inferences in perception?

Answer 15

Fill in missing details using contextual clues.
The process in my mind that happened without me knowing.

Question 16

What do PET studies show?

Answer 16

A brain scan that shows brain activity and where that activity is happening.

Studies show that the left hemisphere of our brain is involved with understanding and processing words.

Question 17

What is feature extraction?

Answer 17

Identifying specific features that make up a stimulus

Question 18

What is prototype matching?

Answer 18

Comparing objects to stored idealized representations

Question 19

What are Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

Answer 19

Proximity
Similarity
Continuation
Closure
Common Fate

Question 20

What is proximity?

Answer 20

Objects close to each other are grouped.

Ex: if I saw dogs that are close together you may think of them as forming a line or a cluster.

Question 21

What is closure?

Answer 21

The mind fills in missing information to complete a shape.

Question 22

What is similarity?

Answer 22

Similar items are grouped.

If you see a mix of circles and squares you might divide them into 2 groups.

Question 23

What is continuation?

Answer 23

The eye follows a continuous path.

If we see a bent line we see it as one continuous line instead of a broken line.

Question 24

What is common fate?

Answer 24

Objects moving in the same direction are grouped.

When we see a group of birds we view them as one group instead of many birds.

Question 25

What are geons?

Answer 25

Simple geometric shapes (cones, cylinders, etc.) used to build object models.

Question 26

What are the stages of recognition according to Biederman?

Answer 26

Detect edges and curves.
Assemble geons.
Recognize the full object.

Objects in the world can be identified by combining these different shapes.

Question 27

What is the Fusiform Gyrus (FFA)?

Answer 27

Area of the brain that is specialized in recognizing faces.

Question 28

What is Prosopagnosia

Answer 28

Damage to the FFA leads to difficulties in face recognition.

People who are diagnosed struggle to identify even family and friends.

Question 29

What is the Expertise Hypothesis?

Answer 29

FFA is also active in recognizing objects for which people have expertise. (e.g., birds, cars).

Question 30

Neuropsychological Evidence

Answer 30

Looks at brain activity that relates to thinking and behaviour especially when it comes to works and languages.

Question 31

Explain the Niesseer Study

Answer 31

He asked participants to identify letters by their lines

Involved with feature extraction

Question 32

Posner & Keele Study

Answer 32

Showed distorted images to participants and they could still identify what the object was.

Involved with prototype matching.