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PSYC-CRITICAL THINKING AND MET > Theories of Human Development (Test #1) > Flashcards

Theories of Human Development (Test #1) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Charles Darwin write his paper on? Explain the main findings.

A

Darwin kept a journal documenting the life of his infant son. He would make note of his development and progress.

The parent observed that emotions, reasoning, and learning developed progressively, with curiosity, imitation, and association of ideas playing important roles in the infant’s mental growth.

The parent found that some actions were inherited and some were learned from experience.

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2
Q

Define evolution and how it works

A

It is the process of species changing overtime through alterations of there genetic makeup.

Evolution is about living long enough to reproduce and create another generation.

Evolution isn’t survival of the “BEST”,
it is survival of the “SUFFICIENT”

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3
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which species that adapt best to their environment survive and reproduce.

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4
Q

What was Darwin’s theory concerning evolution?

A

Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation

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5
Q

What does evolutionary psychology discuss?

A

When behaviours that support survival are maintained.
Ex: when children get startled by something they throw their arms out, stiffen themselves and arch their back. This is because when people used to hunt and there was a danger in the area it would be easier for the parent to pick up the baby and run if the baby is in that position.

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6
Q

What is Baltes’s view about evolution?

A

Evolutionary benefits decrease with age as reproductive fitness declines, but cultural needs increase. Evolutionary psychology is limited by focusing solely on biology. Bandura proposes a bidirectional link between biology and the environment.

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7
Q

What are genetic foundations of development?

A

Genes and DNA
Cell Divison
Fertilization
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Gene-Linked Disorders

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8
Q

Define genes and DNA

A

Genes are short DNA segments that control cell reproduction and protein production. Genes work together, not independently.

Your DNA has 46 chromosomes, 23 from your mother and 23 from your father.

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9
Q

Define cell division

A

New cells are formed through mitosis and meiosis, which duplicate chromosomes.

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10
Q

Explain the relationship between genetics and the environment and how they can affect each other.

A

We are born with our genes but they are modified by the environment. Whether we express our genes depends on our environment.

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11
Q

Define fertilization

A

A sperm and egg combine to form a zygote with genes from both parents.

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12
Q

What are genetic principles?

A

Dominant-recessive genes, sex-linked genes, genetic imprinting, and polygenic inheritance govern how traits are passed down.

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13
Q

What are chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome are caused by chromosomal issues.

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14
Q

What is behavioural genetics?

A

Studies how heredity and environment influence individual differences. Methods include twin and adoption studies.

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15
Q

What was Scarr’s view on hereditary and environmental interaction?

A

Scarr’s view explains that heredity influences the environment a child experiences. Three types: passive, evocative, and active (niche-picking).

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16
Q

What is the epigenetic view of heredity and environment interaction?

A

Development is shaped by ongoing interactions between heredity and the environment.

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17
Q

What is gene-environment interaction?

A

Specific DNA variations interact with environmental factors, influencing development.

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18
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the complete set of genes or genetic makeup of someone

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19
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

the observable physical traits or characteristics of an organism

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20
Q

What is a homozygous gene?

A

means a person has two of the same version of a gene, one from each parent.

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21
Q

What is a heterozygous gene?

A

refers to a genetic condition where an individual has two different alleles for a particular gene—one from each parent

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22
Q

What are the prenatal stages?

A

Germinal Period
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period

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23
Q

When does the germinal period happen and what develops during this time?

A

(Conception to 10-14 days)
The zygote attaches to the uterus.
Cell division immediately starts to happen.

24
Q

When does the embryonic period happen and what developed during this time?

A

(2-8 weeks)
Major organs begin forming
The neural tube also develops which later becomes the brain and spinal cord

25
Q

When does the fetal period happen and what develops during this time?

A

(2 months to birth)
The baby matures to sustain life outside the womb developing movement, its brain and its vision which develops last.

26
Q

What are Teratogens?

A

Harmful agents that can cause birth defects, with severity depending on dosage, timing, and genetics.
(e.g., drugs, alcohol, infections)

27
Q

What are the different growth patterns?

A

Cephalocaudal: Growth starts at the head and progresses downwards to the legs.

Proximodistal: Growth begins at the center of the body and extends outward.

28
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

In genes is a trait that is expressed or visible when an individual has at least one copy of the dominant allele for a particular gene.

29
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

The trait is present within your genes but it is not expressed

30
Q

What is pruning and explain how it happens?

A

refers to the process by which the brain eliminates excess neurons and synapses that are not being used. This process is a normal and essential part of brain maturation, helping to make neural networks more efficient.

31
Q

What is mylenization?

A

The more you use a pathway the more mylenized it becomes which means it will signals will pass faster.

Mylenization also protects the neuron.

32
Q

What is plasticity in the brain?

A

It responds to environment and is flexible in terms of connections that are made. And it responds to external and internal information to create pathways. It is adaptive

33
Q

What are the Principles of Learning/Relearning?

A

Use it or lose it
Use it and improve it
Specificity
Repetition matters
Intensity matters
Time matters
Salience matters
Age matters
Transference
Interference

34
Q

What is triple x syndorm?

A

XXX

Higher risk of learning disabilities and they can be taller than usual.

35
Q

What is Klienfelter?

A

XXY

Larger breast, weaker bones, less body hair.

36
Q

What is Turners syndrome?

A

X

Shorter, webbed neck, heart problems, no ovaries

37
Q

What functions does the reptilian brain include?

A

conciseness, breathing, digestion, metabolism.

38
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A

Emotion and emotional expression, memory. Operates flight or fight based on assessing environment. This part is very well developed.

39
Q

What does the neocortex control?

A

Largest part and evolved later. includes language, problem solving, math, science, perception

40
Q

Explain what transference means ?

A

When learning one thing may help you in another subject.

Ex: Learning how to write an essay may help you in other areas like writing poetry.

41
Q

Explain what interference means?

A

When learning a new subject may lead to other knowledge you have to suffer

Ex: When a child learns addition they will be good at it but once they get taught multiplication the adding ability suffers and will never be the same.

42
Q

What are mirror neurons? Give an example

A

The neurons that react to the thought or the visual stimuli in the environment by activating the same regions in the brain

Ex: if I begin to talk about yawning people around me will feel like yawning or yawning.

43
Q

Why are mirror neurons so important to be born with?

A

Mirror neuron’s are important to be born with because it can attract parents/care, helps builds a bond between people and helps the baby build their language.

44
Q

Where does the brain grow during puberty?

A

Huge amounts of brain growth especially in the frontal lobe and the back of the brain where to occipital lobe is

45
Q

Explain the aspects of the teenage brain

A

Brain is very vulnerable because it is still developing (trauma, drugs)
When we are younger we are more sensitive to dopamine/seek it.

46
Q

What is primary aging?

A

Refers to the natural and inevitable biological processes that occur as individuals grow older

47
Q

What is secondary aging?

A

Non-natural and avoidable aging process
Ex: illness

48
Q

Explain functional vs chronological age?

A

We are now identifying that there is a difference between your chronological age and functional age. Chronological is calendar age and functional age is talking about your abilities and how your body moves.

49
Q

What was the idea of children prior to Fantz study?

A

Infant senses viewed as too immature to be used. People believed that infants vision was not good so they would only have toys that would make sounds. People alos believed thought that infants could not perceive pattern, shape, size.

50
Q

What was Fantz experiment with chicks?

A

Chicks were raised in complete darkness, meaning they had no visual stimulation before hatching. After hatching, Fantz observed their pecking behavior by giving them objects they couldn’t smell, only see and peck at.Chicks showed a preference for pecking at objects that were edible or evolutionarily important, like seeds.

51
Q

What were the findings of Fantz’s studies with chicks?

A

Fantz concluded that chicks are born with an innate ability to visually recognize and peck at certain shapes or objects without prior learning.

52
Q

What were the limitations of Fantz’s chick experiement?

A

The findings in chicks don’t necessarily apply to humans, as humans have more complex visual and cognitive systems, so generalizing across species is problematic.

53
Q

What was Fantz’s experiment with chimpanzees?

A

Chimps were raised in complete darkness, meaning they had no visual stimulation. Once exposed to light, Fantz observed their gazing preferences by measuring how long they looked at different shapes. Chimpanzees showed an early preference for simple, complex shapes like diagonal lines and bullseyes. As they gained more visual experience, their preferences shifted toward even more complex shapes, indicating development. Initially, after exposure to light, the chimpanzees bumped into objects, suggesting that their visual abilities were not fully innate

54
Q

What were the findings of Fantz’s chimpanzees experiment?

A

Fantz concluded that chimpanzees have some innate visual preferences, but experience plays a key role in shaping and refining these preferences over time. Both innate and experiential factors contribute to visual development.

55
Q

What were the results of Fantz’s experiemnts with infants?

A

Infants showed more interest in complex patterns rather than plain colors.
Infants preferred looking at face-like images over morphed or distorted faces. Fantz believed that the preference for faces was innate, as faces are crucial for social and emotional development in infants. Babies showed the strongest preference for happy faces

PSYC-CRITICAL THINKING AND MET (14 decks)

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