Intro Quiz 1 Physics Flashcards by William Kerns

A-Mode

Amplitude Modulation

Distance between transducer and structure determines where an echo is seen along hte time axis

1 dimensional image

Not used anymore

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Analog Scan Converter

device in which data are represented by variable, measurable, physical quantities. Length, width, voltage or pressure

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B-Mode

2D presentation of echo producing interfaces.

A mode signal converted to dots which vary in brightness depending on echo strength

Brightness Modulation

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Cavitation

formation of cavities in a body tissue or an organ resulting from the sudden formation and collapse of low pressure bubbles by means of mechanical forces

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Digital Scan Converter

image processing device that uses a stable electronic circuit to store and manipulate ultrasonic images in memory. The device then reconstructs and displays these images simultaneously to create one image

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Doppler effect

change in observed frequency of a wave. Freq increases as source and observer get closer, decreases as they move apart

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Gray Scale Imaging

series of shades from black to white the more shades the more realistically an image can be recorded and displayed

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M-Mode

series of B-Mode dots are displayed on moving time base graph to show moving structures

basis of echocariography prior to real time scanning

used in conjunction with real time imaging in adult, pediatric and fetal echo

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Piezoelectric Effect

Mechanical deformation occurs when an electrical field is applied to a crystal the crystal vibrates mechanically. When a crystal vibrates mechanically it creates an electrical field

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3-D imaging

waves sent from many directions to the returns are used to build a volume image in 3 dimensions

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4-D Imaging

3-d imaging with the addition of real time

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Ultrasound

sound with freq above the limits of human hearing greater than 20kHz

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Transverse Waves

Waves that move in an up and down motoin

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Longitudinal Waves

Waves that move in a line

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Compression

area of wave that gets closer together

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Rarefaction

area of wave that spreads apart

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Medium

material through which a wave is transmitted

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Accoustic parameters

period

frequency

amplitude

power

intensity

wavelength

propagation

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Period of wave

time

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frequency of wave

1/time

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amplitude of wave

“Bigness” of wave

dofference between peak and avg value of the wave

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power

force

rate of energy transfer or rate which work is preformed

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intensity

concentration of strength of a wave

Intensity = watts/cm^2

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wavelength

distance from one peak to the next

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propagation speed

speed wave travels through medium (avg 1540 soft tissue)

Hertz

measurement of frequency

Infrasound

sound below the human hearing level

Audible sound

20-20kHz

DMS frequency

2mHz-12mHz

Bio effects

any damage to tissue ALARA as low as reasonably achievable

Intravascular Ultrasound

30MHz-40MHz asses vessel walls characterize plaque morphology transducer contained in a sheath attached to catheter no air means high preq usable

Therapeutic Ultrasound

.5MHz-3MHz beam intensity result in tissue temperature increases 4°C as deep as 5cm increases blood flow treats muscle spasms, tendonitis and bursitis joint swelling

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU

used for selective destruction of tissue volumes cancerous lesions in liver, kidney, breast and prostate focusing the beam allows energy concentration on affected area while sparing surround tissue

Wave Propagation

Worse in Gas better in liquid best in solids

Sound wave propagation

sound traveling pressure variation regions of compression and rarefraction particles vibrate back and forth parallel to the directoin of travel

Mechanical Wave

needs physical interaction must have medium longitudinal transverse

Electromagnetic Waves

travel in medium or vacuum light, heat, X-rays, gamma rays TV rays transer of energy through a varying electrical and magnetic field

Acoustic variables

Pressure Density Temperature particle motion

Pressure

concentration of force Pascals varies cyclically as sound wave propagates

Density

p=mass/volume compression increases rarefraction decreases non linear imaging Harmonic Imaging units kg/m3

Temperature

any mechanical movement produces heat sound wave vibrate the tissue and some wave energy is lost to heat with tissue important in Bioeffects Celcius Kelvin Fahrenheit

Particel Motion

particels of tissue being imparted with momentum and traveling into the locale of the nearest neighbors osscillate back and forth about their original location allowing energy to propagate along the wave p[ath particles DO NOT travel with the wave

ALARA

As Low As Resonably Achievable short scan time low power settings short use of color and spectral

Attenuation

decrease in wave amplitude due to mechanical wave interaction wiht mnedium units dB absorption reflection refraction

Absorption

conversion of energy from wave to heat within medium as Freq increases amount of energy lost increases

Reflection

sound wave changes direction and does not continue to travel forward returns to source foundtation for diagnostic ultrasound Ultrasound based on processing these refelctions

Refraction

bending of wave change in propagation velocity when angle of incidence is other than 0

Anechoic

without echoes cysts fluid filled organs

Hypoechoic

low level reflected signals

Hyperechoic

highly echogenic tissues moderate to high reflected signals

calcified echoes

strongly echoic usually with acoustic shadows

Complex

mixed echogenicity with or without shadowing

Transducers

Device that converts energy from one form to another

Transducer components

Crystal matching layers Damping material Transducer case electronic cable

Crystal

diameter determines beam shape like beam of flashlight shape is region in the patient which sound travels

matching layers

provide an acoustic connection between crystals and skin reduces amount of reflection from large acoustic mismatch allows wave to travel into the body gel

Damping material

decrease secondary reverberations of crystal with returning signals reduces the ring time and results in an increase in depth resolution (axial)

Trasducer Case

provides housing for all internal components

Electronic cable

caontains bundle wires to cary electrical signals to and from the crytals

B-scan (Static scan)

uses series of B-mode images to biuld a 2 d image of tissue transducer attached to articulated arm to provide system with position and orientation no longer used due to numerous drawbacks

Real Time B-Mode

provides cinematic view of the area being evaluated by displaying a rapid series of images sequentially

Real Time Imaging

all modern systems use real time approach signals integrated into a scan converter for 2d image display Real time movie

Frame Rate

Hz images per second 2 factors Sound speed in medium depth of imaging higher frame rate better temporal resolution and image quality

Temporal resolution

ability to precisely position a moving structure important in adult and fetal echo high rate yields better movies but worse photographs

imaging depth

shallow depth incrases frame rate and resolution deeper decreases frame rate and degrades resolution depth and frame rate inversely related operator controlled

Focus

Single Focus Multi Focus

Single Focus

only 1 sound pulse is transmitted down the scan line high frame rate superior resolution inferior lateral resolution

Multi Focus

Adj number of focus Pulses longer time decreases frame rate inferior temporal resolution superior lateral resolution

lateral resolution

ability to distinguish between structures that are side by side

sector size field of view

operator controlled size increases number of pulses increases

# reverse Amplitude Modulation Distance between transducer and structure determines where an echo is seen along hte time axis 1 dimensional image Not used anymore

A-Mode

# reverse device in which data are represented by variable, measurable, physical quantities. Length, width, voltage or pressure

Analog Scan Converter

# reverse 2D presentation of echo producing interfaces. A mode signal converted to dots which vary in brightness depending on echo strength Brightness Modulation

B-Mode

# reverse formation of cavities in a body tissue or an organ resulting from the sudden formation and collapse of low pressure bubbles by means of mechanical forces

Cavitation

# reverse image processing device that uses a stable electronic circuit to store and manipulate ultrasonic images in memory. The device then reconstructs and displays these images simultaneously to create one image

Digital Scan Converter

# reverse change in observed frequency of a wave. Freq increases as source and observer get closer, decreases as they move apart

Doppler effect

# reverse series of shades from black to white the more shades the more realistically an image can be recorded and displayed

Gray Scale Imaging

# reverse series of B-Mode dots are displayed on moving time base graph to show moving structures basis of echocariography prior to real time scanning used in conjunction with real time imaging in adult, pediatric and fetal echo

M-Mode

# reverse Mechanical deformation occurs when an electrical field is applied to a crystal the crystal vibrates mechanically. When a crystal vibrates mechanically it creates an electrical field

Piezoelectric Effect

# reverse waves sent from many directions to the returns are used to build a volume image in 3 dimensions

3-D imaging

# reverse 3-d imaging with the addition of real time

4-D Imaging

# reverse sound with freq above the limits of human hearing greater than 20kHz

Ultrasound

# reverse Waves that move in an up and down motoin

Transverse Waves

# reverse Waves that move in a line

Longitudinal Waves

# reverse area of wave that gets closer together

Compression

# reverse area of wave that spreads apart

Rarefaction

# reverse material through which a wave is transmitted

Medium

# reverse period frequency amplitude power intensity wavelength propagation

Accoustic parameters

# reverse time

Period of wave

# reverse 1/time

frequency of wave

# reverse "Bigness" of wave dofference between peak and avg value of the wave

amplitude of wave

# reverse force rate of energy transfer or rate which work is preformed

power

# reverse concentration of strength of a wave Intensity = watts/cm^2

intensity

# reverse distance from one peak to the next

wavelength

# reverse speed wave travels through medium (avg 1540 soft tissue)

propagation speed

# reverse measurement of frequency

Hertz

# reverse sound below the human hearing level

Infrasound

# reverse 20-20kHz

Audible sound

# reverse 2mHz-12mHz

DMS frequency

# reverse any damage to tissue ALARA as low as reasonably achievable

Bio effects

# reverse 30MHz-40MHz asses vessel walls characterize plaque morphology transducer contained in a sheath attached to catheter no air means high preq usable

Intravascular Ultrasound

# reverse .5MHz-3MHz beam intensity result in tissue temperature increases 4°C as deep as 5cm increases blood flow treats muscle spasms, tendonitis and bursitis joint swelling

Therapeutic Ultrasound

# reverse used for selective destruction of tissue volumes cancerous lesions in liver, kidney, breast and prostate focusing the beam allows energy concentration on affected area while sparing surround tissue

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU

# reverse Worse in Gas better in liquid best in solids

Wave Propagation

# reverse sound traveling pressure variation regions of compression and rarefraction particles vibrate back and forth parallel to the directoin of travel

Sound wave propagation

# reverse needs physical interaction must have medium longitudinal transverse

Mechanical Wave

# reverse travel in medium or vacuum light, heat, X-rays, gamma rays TV rays transer of energy through a varying electrical and magnetic field

Electromagnetic Waves

# reverse Pressure Density Temperature particle motion

Acoustic variables

# reverse concentration of force Pascals varies cyclically as sound wave propagates

Pressure

# reverse p=mass/volume compression increases rarefraction decreases non linear imaging Harmonic Imaging units kg/m3

Density

# reverse any mechanical movement produces heat sound wave vibrate the tissue and some wave energy is lost to heat with tissue important in Bioeffects Celcius Kelvin Fahrenheit

Temperature

# reverse particels of tissue being imparted with momentum and traveling into the locale of the nearest neighbors osscillate back and forth about their original location allowing energy to propagate along the wave p[ath particles DO NOT travel with the wave

Particel Motion

# reverse As Low As Resonably Achievable short scan time low power settings short use of color and spectral

ALARA

# reverse decrease in wave amplitude due to mechanical wave interaction wiht mnedium units dB absorption reflection refraction

Attenuation

# reverse conversion of energy from wave to heat within medium as Freq increases amount of energy lost increases

Absorption

# reverse sound wave changes direction and does not continue to travel forward returns to source foundtation for diagnostic ultrasound Ultrasound based on processing these refelctions

Reflection

# reverse bending of wave change in propagation velocity when angle of incidence is other than 0

Refraction

# reverse without echoes cysts fluid filled organs

Anechoic

# reverse low level reflected signals

Hypoechoic

# reverse highly echogenic tissues moderate to high reflected signals

Hyperechoic

# reverse strongly echoic usually with acoustic shadows

calcified echoes

# reverse mixed echogenicity with or without shadowing

Complex

# reverse Device that converts energy from one form to another

Transducers

# reverse Crystal matching layers Damping material Transducer case electronic cable

Transducer components

# reverse diameter determines beam shape like beam of flashlight shape is region in the patient which sound travels

Crystal

# reverse provide an acoustic connection between crystals and skin reduces amount of reflection from large acoustic mismatch allows wave to travel into the body gel

matching layers

# reverse decrease secondary reverberations of crystal with returning signals reduces the ring time and results in an increase in depth resolution (axial)

Damping material

# reverse provides housing for all internal components

Trasducer Case

# reverse caontains bundle wires to cary electrical signals to and from the crytals

Electronic cable

# reverse uses series of B-mode images to biuld a 2 d image of tissue transducer attached to articulated arm to provide system with position and orientation no longer used due to numerous drawbacks

B-scan (Static scan)

# reverse provides cinematic view of the area being evaluated by displaying a rapid series of images sequentially

Real Time B-Mode

# reverse all modern systems use real time approach signals integrated into a scan converter for 2d image display Real time movie

Real Time Imaging

# reverse Hz images per second 2 factors Sound speed in medium depth of imaging higher frame rate better temporal resolution and image quality

Frame Rate

# reverse ability to precisely position a moving structure important in adult and fetal echo high rate yields better movies but worse photographs

Temporal resolution

# reverse shallow depth incrases frame rate and resolution deeper decreases frame rate and degrades resolution depth and frame rate inversely related operator controlled

imaging depth

# reverse Single Focus Multi Focus

Focus

# reverse only 1 sound pulse is transmitted down the scan line high frame rate superior resolution inferior lateral resolution

Single Focus

# reverse Adj number of focus Pulses longer time decreases frame rate inferior temporal resolution superior lateral resolution

Multi Focus

# reverse ability to distinguish between structures that are side by side

lateral resolution

# reverse operator controlled size increases number of pulses increases

sector size field of view