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DMSO > Intro Quiz 1 Physics > Flashcards

Intro Quiz 1 Physics Flashcards

1
Q

A-Mode

A

Amplitude Modulation

Distance between transducer and structure determines where an echo is seen along hte time axis

1 dimensional image

Not used anymore

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2
Q

Analog Scan Converter

A

device in which data are represented by variable, measurable, physical quantities. Length, width, voltage or pressure

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3
Q

B-Mode

A

2D presentation of echo producing interfaces.

A mode signal converted to dots which vary in brightness depending on echo strength

Brightness Modulation

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4
Q

Cavitation

A

formation of cavities in a body tissue or an organ resulting from the sudden formation and collapse of low pressure bubbles by means of mechanical forces

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5
Q

Digital Scan Converter

A

image processing device that uses a stable electronic circuit to store and manipulate ultrasonic images in memory. The device then reconstructs and displays these images simultaneously to create one image

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6
Q

Doppler effect

A

change in observed frequency of a wave. Freq increases as source and observer get closer, decreases as they move apart

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7
Q

Gray Scale Imaging

A

series of shades from black to white the more shades the more realistically an image can be recorded and displayed

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8
Q

M-Mode

A

series of B-Mode dots are displayed on moving time base graph to show moving structures

basis of echocariography prior to real time scanning

used in conjunction with real time imaging in adult, pediatric and fetal echo

How well did you know this?
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9
Q

Piezoelectric Effect

A

Mechanical deformation occurs when an electrical field is applied to a crystal the crystal vibrates mechanically. When a crystal vibrates mechanically it creates an electrical field

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10
Q

3-D imaging

A

waves sent from many directions to the returns are used to build a volume image in 3 dimensions

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11
Q

4-D Imaging

A

3-d imaging with the addition of real time

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12
Q

Ultrasound

A

sound with freq above the limits of human hearing greater than 20kHz

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13
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Waves that move in an up and down motoin

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14
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

Waves that move in a line

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15
Q

Compression

A

area of wave that gets closer together

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16
Q

Rarefaction

A

area of wave that spreads apart

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17
Q

Medium

A

material through which a wave is transmitted

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18
Q

Accoustic parameters

A

period

frequency

amplitude

power

intensity

wavelength

propagation

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19
Q

Period of wave

A

time

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20
Q

frequency of wave

A

1/time

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21
Q

amplitude of wave

A

“Bigness” of wave

dofference between peak and avg value of the wave

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22
Q

power

A

force

rate of energy transfer or rate which work is preformed

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23
Q

intensity

A

concentration of strength of a wave

Intensity = watts/cm^2

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24
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one peak to the next

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25
Q

propagation speed

A

speed wave travels through medium (avg 1540 soft tissue)

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26
Q

Hertz

A

measurement of frequency

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27
Q

Infrasound

A

sound below the human hearing level

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28
Q

Audible sound

A

20-20kHz

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29
Q

DMS frequency

A

2mHz-12mHz

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30
Q

Bio effects

A

any damage to tissue

ALARA as low as reasonably achievable

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31
Q

Intravascular Ultrasound

A

30MHz-40MHz

asses vessel walls characterize plaque morphology

transducer contained in a sheath attached to catheter

no air means high preq usable

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32
Q

Therapeutic Ultrasound

A

.5MHz-3MHz

beam intensity result in tissue temperature increases

4°C as deep as 5cm

increases blood flow

treats muscle spasms, tendonitis and bursitis

joint swelling

How well did you know this?
1
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33
Q

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound

HIFU

A

used for selective destruction of tissue volumes

cancerous lesions in liver, kidney, breast and prostate

focusing the beam allows energy concentration on affected area while sparing surround tissue

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34
Q

Wave Propagation

A

Worse in Gas

better in liquid

best in solids

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35
Q

Sound wave propagation

A

sound traveling pressure variation

regions of compression and rarefraction

particles vibrate back and forth

parallel to the directoin of travel

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36
Q

Mechanical Wave

A

needs physical interaction

must have medium

longitudinal

transverse

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37
Q

Electromagnetic Waves

A

travel in medium or vacuum

light, heat, X-rays, gamma rays TV rays

transer of energy through a varying electrical and magnetic field

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38
Q

Acoustic variables

A

Pressure

Density

Temperature

particle motion

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39
Q

Pressure

A

concentration of force

Pascals

varies cyclically as sound wave propagates

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40
Q

Density

A

p=mass/volume

compression increases

rarefraction decreases

non linear imaging Harmonic Imaging

units kg/m3

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41
Q

Temperature

A

any mechanical movement produces heat

sound wave vibrate the tissue and some wave energy is lost to heat with tissue

important in Bioeffects

Celcius

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

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42
Q

Particel Motion

A

particels of tissue being imparted with momentum and traveling into the locale of the nearest neighbors

osscillate back and forth about their original location allowing energy to propagate along the wave p[ath

particles DO NOT travel with the wave

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43
Q

ALARA

A

As Low As Resonably Achievable

short scan time

low power settings

short use of color and spectral

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44
Q

Attenuation

A

decrease in wave amplitude due to mechanical wave interaction wiht mnedium

units dB

absorption

reflection

refraction

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45
Q

Absorption

A

conversion of energy from wave to heat within medium

as Freq increases amount of energy lost increases

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46
Q

Reflection

A

sound wave changes direction and does not continue to travel forward

returns to source

foundtation for diagnostic ultrasound

Ultrasound based on processing these refelctions

How well did you know this?
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47
Q

Refraction

A

bending of wave

change in propagation velocity when angle of incidence is other than 0

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48
Q

Anechoic

A

without echoes

cysts

fluid filled organs

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49
Q

Hypoechoic

A

low level reflected signals

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50
Q

Hyperechoic

A

highly echogenic tissues

moderate to high reflected signals

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51
Q

calcified echoes

A

strongly echoic

usually with acoustic shadows

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52
Q

Complex

A

mixed echogenicity

with or without shadowing

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53
Q

Transducers

A

Device that converts energy from one form to another

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54
Q

Transducer components

A

Crystal

matching layers

Damping material

Transducer case

electronic cable

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55
Q

Crystal

A

diameter determines beam shape

like beam of flashlight

shape is region in the patient which sound travels

How well did you know this?
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56
Q

matching layers

A

provide an acoustic connection between crystals and skin

reduces amount of reflection from large acoustic mismatch

allows wave to travel into the body

gel

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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57
Q

Damping material

A

decrease secondary reverberations of crystal with returning signals

reduces the ring time and results in an increase in depth resolution (axial)

58
Q

Trasducer Case

A

provides housing for all internal components

59
Q

Electronic cable

A

caontains bundle wires to cary electrical signals to and from the crytals

60
Q

B-scan (Static scan)

A

uses series of B-mode images to biuld a 2 d image of tissue

transducer attached to articulated arm to provide system with position and orientation

no longer used due to numerous drawbacks

61
Q

Real Time B-Mode

A

provides cinematic view of the area being evaluated by displaying a rapid series of images sequentially

62
Q

Real Time Imaging

A

all modern systems use real time approach

signals integrated into a scan converter for 2d image display

Real time movie

63
Q

Frame Rate

A

Hz

images per second

2 factors Sound speed in medium

depth of imaging

higher frame rate better temporal resolution and image quality

64
Q

Temporal resolution

A

ability to precisely position a moving structure

important in adult and fetal echo

high rate yields better movies but worse photographs

65
Q

imaging depth

A

shallow depth incrases frame rate and resolution

deeper decreases frame rate and degrades resolution

depth and frame rate inversely related

operator controlled

66
Q

Focus

A

Single Focus

Multi Focus

67
Q

Single Focus

A

only 1 sound pulse is transmitted down the scan line

high frame rate

superior resolution

inferior lateral resolution

68
Q

Multi Focus

A

Adj number of focus Pulses

longer time

decreases frame rate

inferior temporal resolution

superior lateral resolution

69
Q

lateral resolution

A

ability to distinguish between structures that are side by side

70
Q

sector size

field of view

A

operator controlled

size increases number of pulses increases

71
Q

reverse

Amplitude Modulation

Distance between transducer and structure determines where an echo is seen along hte time axis

1 dimensional image

Not used anymore

A

A-Mode

72
Q

reverse

device in which data are represented by variable, measurable, physical quantities. Length, width, voltage or pressure

A

Analog Scan Converter

73
Q

reverse

2D presentation of echo producing interfaces.

A mode signal converted to dots which vary in brightness depending on echo strength

Brightness Modulation

A

B-Mode

74
Q

reverse

formation of cavities in a body tissue or an organ resulting from the sudden formation and collapse of low pressure bubbles by means of mechanical forces

A

Cavitation

75
Q

reverse

image processing device that uses a stable electronic circuit to store and manipulate ultrasonic images in memory. The device then reconstructs and displays these images simultaneously to create one image

A

Digital Scan Converter

76
Q

reverse

change in observed frequency of a wave. Freq increases as source and observer get closer, decreases as they move apart

A

Doppler effect

77
Q

reverse

series of shades from black to white the more shades the more realistically an image can be recorded and displayed

A

Gray Scale Imaging

78
Q

reverse

series of B-Mode dots are displayed on moving time base graph to show moving structures

basis of echocariography prior to real time scanning

used in conjunction with real time imaging in adult, pediatric and fetal echo

A

M-Mode

79
Q

reverse

Mechanical deformation occurs when an electrical field is applied to a crystal the crystal vibrates mechanically. When a crystal vibrates mechanically it creates an electrical field

A

Piezoelectric Effect

80
Q

reverse

waves sent from many directions to the returns are used to build a volume image in 3 dimensions

A

3-D imaging

81
Q

reverse

3-d imaging with the addition of real time

A

4-D Imaging

82
Q

reverse

sound with freq above the limits of human hearing greater than 20kHz

A

Ultrasound

83
Q

reverse

Waves that move in an up and down motoin

A

Transverse Waves

84
Q

reverse

Waves that move in a line

A

Longitudinal Waves

85
Q

reverse

area of wave that gets closer together

A

Compression

86
Q

reverse

area of wave that spreads apart

A

Rarefaction

87
Q

reverse

material through which a wave is transmitted

A

Medium

88
Q

reverse

period

frequency

amplitude

power

intensity

wavelength

propagation

A

Accoustic parameters

89
Q

reverse

time

A

Period of wave

90
Q

reverse

1/time

A

frequency of wave

91
Q

reverse

“Bigness” of wave

dofference between peak and avg value of the wave

A

amplitude of wave

92
Q

reverse

force

rate of energy transfer or rate which work is preformed

A

power

93
Q

reverse

concentration of strength of a wave

Intensity = watts/cm^2

A

intensity

94
Q

reverse

distance from one peak to the next

A

wavelength

95
Q

reverse

speed wave travels through medium (avg 1540 soft tissue)

A

propagation speed

96
Q

reverse

measurement of frequency

A

Hertz

97
Q

reverse

sound below the human hearing level

A

Infrasound

98
Q

reverse

20-20kHz

A

Audible sound

99
Q

reverse

2mHz-12mHz

A

DMS frequency

100
Q

reverse

any damage to tissue

ALARA as low as reasonably achievable

A

Bio effects

101
Q

reverse

30MHz-40MHz

asses vessel walls characterize plaque morphology

transducer contained in a sheath attached to catheter

no air means high preq usable

A

Intravascular Ultrasound

102
Q

reverse

.5MHz-3MHz

beam intensity result in tissue temperature increases

4°C as deep as 5cm

increases blood flow

treats muscle spasms, tendonitis and bursitis

joint swelling

A

Therapeutic Ultrasound

103
Q

reverse

used for selective destruction of tissue volumes

cancerous lesions in liver, kidney, breast and prostate

focusing the beam allows energy concentration on affected area while sparing surround tissue

A

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound

HIFU

104
Q

reverse

Worse in Gas

better in liquid

best in solids

A

Wave Propagation

105
Q

reverse

sound traveling pressure variation

regions of compression and rarefraction

particles vibrate back and forth

parallel to the directoin of travel

A

Sound wave propagation

106
Q

reverse

needs physical interaction

must have medium

longitudinal

transverse

A

Mechanical Wave

107
Q

reverse

travel in medium or vacuum

light, heat, X-rays, gamma rays TV rays

transer of energy through a varying electrical and magnetic field

A

Electromagnetic Waves

108
Q

reverse

Pressure

Density

Temperature

particle motion

A

Acoustic variables

109
Q

reverse

concentration of force

Pascals

varies cyclically as sound wave propagates

A

Pressure

110
Q

reverse

p=mass/volume

compression increases

rarefraction decreases

non linear imaging Harmonic Imaging

units kg/m3

A

Density

111
Q

reverse

any mechanical movement produces heat

sound wave vibrate the tissue and some wave energy is lost to heat with tissue

important in Bioeffects

Celcius

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

A

Temperature

112
Q

reverse

particels of tissue being imparted with momentum and traveling into the locale of the nearest neighbors

osscillate back and forth about their original location allowing energy to propagate along the wave p[ath

particles DO NOT travel with the wave

A

Particel Motion

113
Q

reverse

As Low As Resonably Achievable

short scan time

low power settings

short use of color and spectral

A

ALARA

114
Q

reverse

decrease in wave amplitude due to mechanical wave interaction wiht mnedium

units dB

absorption

reflection

refraction

A

Attenuation

115
Q

reverse

conversion of energy from wave to heat within medium

as Freq increases amount of energy lost increases

A

Absorption

116
Q

reverse

sound wave changes direction and does not continue to travel forward

returns to source

foundtation for diagnostic ultrasound

Ultrasound based on processing these refelctions

A

Reflection

117
Q

reverse

bending of wave

change in propagation velocity when angle of incidence is other than 0

A

Refraction

118
Q

reverse

without echoes

cysts

fluid filled organs

A

Anechoic

119
Q

reverse

low level reflected signals

A

Hypoechoic

120
Q

reverse

highly echogenic tissues

moderate to high reflected signals

A

Hyperechoic

121
Q

reverse

strongly echoic

usually with acoustic shadows

A

calcified echoes

122
Q

reverse

mixed echogenicity

with or without shadowing

A

Complex

123
Q

reverse

Device that converts energy from one form to another

A

Transducers

124
Q

reverse

Crystal

matching layers

Damping material

Transducer case

electronic cable

A

Transducer components

125
Q

reverse

diameter determines beam shape

like beam of flashlight

shape is region in the patient which sound travels

A

Crystal

126
Q

reverse

provide an acoustic connection between crystals and skin

reduces amount of reflection from large acoustic mismatch

allows wave to travel into the body

gel

A

matching layers

127
Q

reverse

decrease secondary reverberations of crystal with returning signals

reduces the ring time and results in an increase in depth resolution (axial)

A

Damping material

128
Q

reverse

provides housing for all internal components

A

Trasducer Case

129
Q

reverse

caontains bundle wires to cary electrical signals to and from the crytals

A

Electronic cable

130
Q

reverse

uses series of B-mode images to biuld a 2 d image of tissue

transducer attached to articulated arm to provide system with position and orientation

no longer used due to numerous drawbacks

A

B-scan (Static scan)

131
Q

reverse

provides cinematic view of the area being evaluated by displaying a rapid series of images sequentially

A

Real Time B-Mode

132
Q

reverse

all modern systems use real time approach

signals integrated into a scan converter for 2d image display

Real time movie

A

Real Time Imaging

133
Q

reverse

Hz

images per second

2 factors Sound speed in medium

depth of imaging

higher frame rate better temporal resolution and image quality

A

Frame Rate

134
Q

reverse

ability to precisely position a moving structure

important in adult and fetal echo

high rate yields better movies but worse photographs

A

Temporal resolution

135
Q

reverse

shallow depth incrases frame rate and resolution

deeper decreases frame rate and degrades resolution

depth and frame rate inversely related

operator controlled

A

imaging depth

136
Q

reverse

Single Focus

Multi Focus

A

Focus

137
Q

reverse

only 1 sound pulse is transmitted down the scan line

high frame rate

superior resolution

inferior lateral resolution

A

Single Focus

138
Q

reverse

Adj number of focus Pulses

longer time

decreases frame rate

inferior temporal resolution

superior lateral resolution

A

Multi Focus

139
Q

reverse

ability to distinguish between structures that are side by side

A

lateral resolution

140
Q

reverse

operator controlled

size increases number of pulses increases

A

sector size

field of view

DMSO (22 decks)

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