Intro Flashcards
What’s the definition of anatomy
The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among body parts
What’s the definition of gross anatomy
Examining relatively large structures (can involve the study of dissection of a cadaver)
What the definition of physiology
Study of how living organisms perform their functions
Explain chemical leval
Chemicals such as Ph,, affects all other levels if disrupted
Explain cellular level
Cells, are alive
Can control, reproduce, metabolize and send signals
Explain tissue levels
What are they
Groups of cells working towards a common function
1) Epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nervous tissue
Explain organ level
Group of tissues functioning for common purpose/function
Explain system level
Group of organs working together for common function
Explain organism level
Group of systems working together i.e. A person
Explain auto regulation aka intrinsic control
Controls itself without input from other organs i.e. Kidneys or heart muscle
Explain extrinsic control
Systems that affect other organs or systems and doesn’t regulate itself only i.e. Nervous or hormonal regulation
Explain homeostasis
RELATIVELY constant state maintained by body, possibility of change, we need a control system i.e. Temp, ph, blood glucose
What are 4 basic components of control system
1) sensor mechanism (sends to control)
2) control or integrating center (process info and makes decision on what action needs to be taken)
3) effector mechanism (takes action)
4) feedback (continues monitoring actions)
Explain afferent signals
Signals traveling away from peripheral to center
Explain efferent signals
Traveling away from center to peripheral
Explain negative feedback loop
Systems controlled by inhibition, a way of counteracting change, stabilize physiological variables
i.e. Temp to high or low, signals from hypothalamus inhibits body actions that raise temp or inhibits systems to release heat
Explain positive feed back systems
Systems controlled by stimulation, inherently unstable
i.e. Clotting, sneezing, childbirth, immune response
Explain feed forward control
Systems that plan ahead
i.e. Stomach and intestines produce digestive enzymes
- works better if enzymes are released before food arrives
Explain Equilibrium
Balance between opposing factors i.e. Blood sugar
Anatomical postition
Standing facing you
Arms at side
Palms forward
Feet slightly apart facing forward
Explain comparative
One point compared to another point
Explain superior
Towards head, higher than, upper above
Explain inferior
Lower than, towards feet, below
Explain anterior
Front of
Explain posterior
Behind, in back of
Explain medial
Towards midline
Explain lateral
Away from midline
Explain proximal
Near point of attachment to body
i.e. Bicep is proximal to wrist
Explain distal
Away from point of attachment to body
i.e. Right wrist is distal to bicept
Explain superficial
Closer to surface
Explain deep
Farther from surface
Explain ipsilateral
On same side of midline
i.e. Right arm and right leg are ipsilateral
Explain contralateral
Opposite side of midline
i.e. Right arm and left leg are contralateral
What are 3 Major body planes
1) Sagittal plane (divides body into left and right sections)
2) coronal plane/ frontal plane (divides body into front and back sections)
3) transverse plane (divides body into upper and lower portions)
What are 2 major body cavities
1) ventral, contains thoracic, abdominopelvic cavities. Larger of the two
2) thoracic cavity containing pleural cavities (above diaphragm)
Explain mediastinum
Between pleural cavities, space between lung
What’s in Abdominopelvic cavity
Upper portion of abdominal cavity, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, ureters
What’s in lower portion of pelvic cavity
Bladder, some reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, rectum
What’s in dorsal cavity
House of spinal cord
What’s in cranial cavity
House of brain
What’s parietal cavity
Part of membrane of cavity wall
What’s visceral pleura
Part of membrane of organ, inner membrane layer surrounding lung
What’s peritoneum
Membrane in abdominal cavity
What’s parietal peritoneum
Lines abdominal cavity
What’s Visceral peritoneum
Covers abdominal organs
Lumen
Hollow area inside organ i.e. Stomach, intestine, blood vessels
Luminal
Of or near lumen
Central
Near center
Peripheral
Away from center
Medullary
Inner region of organ i.e. Adrenal gland and kidneys have medulla
Cortical
Outer region of an organ, around medulla
Basal
Near base or bottom
Apical
Near or toward top
What cavity does heart sit in
Pericardial cavity
Directional term caudal
Towards the tail
What are basic components in a feedback control loop
Receptor, control center, effector, feedback
Define homeostasis
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment
Organs in left lumbar region
Descending colon, small intestine
Organs in right hypochondriac region
Gallbladder, liver, right kidney
Organs in epigastric region
Liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum
Organs in left hypochondriac region
Spleen, colon, L kidney, pancreas
Organs in Rt lumbar region
Liver, colon, gall bladder
Organs umbilical region
Jejunum, ileum, duedenum
Organs found in hypogastric region
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs
Organs found in right inguinal region
Appendix, cecum
Organs found in left inguinal region
Descending colon, sigmoid colon
Describe abdominal
Abdomen, between thoracic and navel
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubical
Front of elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm (upper)
Buccal
Cheek
Calcaneal
Heel of foot
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Cranial
Skull
Crural
Leg
Digital
Fingers and toes
Dorsal
Back
Facial
Face
Femoral
Thigh
Frontal
Forehead
Gluteal
Buttock
Hallux
Great toe
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Loin, lower back
Mammary
Breast
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose
Ocular
Eye
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Oral
Mouth
Otic
Ear
Palmar
Palm
Patellar
Kneecap
Pedal
Foot
Pelvic
Pelvis
Phalanges
Fingers and toes
Pollex
Thumb
Popliteal
Back of knee
Pubic
Pubis
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Navel
