Chapt 3 Cells Flashcards
Ribsomes
Non membranous organelle, made up of RNA, function protein synthesis
Proteasomes
Non membranous organelle, function breakdown and recycling of damaged or misshapen proteins
ER
Membranous organelle
RER, ribosomes attached, makes proteins
SER, tubes, makes lipids and carbohydrates
Golgi apparatus
Membranous organelle
ER passes protein molecules in transport vesicles to Golgi apparatus for processing and packaging for export
In exocytosis what vesicles pinches off and moves to plasma membrane
Secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Membranous organelle
Breaks down worn out proteins, known as the garbage disposal
Mitochondria
Membranous organelle
(2 membranes)
Extract energy from food molecules and uses it to make energy
During electronic transport system, cellular respiration produces 36 molecules of ATP..
34 from rest of pathway
Nucleus
Controls activities of cell
I.e. Gene action and cell division
2 membranes
Nucleoplasm
Contains nuclear matrix, RNA, DNA
DNA
Relaxed when not dividing, while dividing could tighten up and appear rod like
Consists of 46 chromosomes (23 pair)
Passive transport mechanisms
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Molecules that Move from high to low concentration and stops when evenly dispersed
Osmosis
Diffusion of h20 through a selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low to create equal molecules to both parts
Facilitated diffusion-channel mediated passive transport
Gated channels which are specific which are triggered by voltage, mechanical stimuli, chemical stimuli, light.
Facilitated diffusion- carrier mediated passive transport
Specific, binding changes shape of carrier
Active transport process
ATP driving force, uses transport pumps and vesicles moves from low to high concentration and only works with energy
Secondary active transport
1) facilitated diffusion
2) active transport w ATP
Transport by vesicles
Allows bulk transport movement of material
Explain endocytosis
Plasma membrane traps extra cellular material and brings it into cell
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Receptor mediated endocytosis
More selective gets triggered by signal to cell
2 basic forms of receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
-Fuse with lysosomes and digest cell or fluid
Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis,, vesicles formed within cell fuses with plasma membrane and released from the cell
Mitosis
Division of cells
Cytokinesis
Separated the cytoplasm to produce two daughters cells
The 2 major events in cell division
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Stages of the cell life cycle
G0, G1, S, G2, M
Mitosis occurs in what phase
M phase
Stage 1 of mitosis
early prophase 1a, late prophase 1b
Stage 2 of mitosis
Metaphase
Stage 3 mitosis
Anaphase
Stage 4 mitosis
Telophase
How are chromosomes divided
Chromosomes migrate to middle and spindle fibers drag sister chromatids to each side of cell
What takes place in early prophase
Late prophase
Spindle fibers extend between centriole pair
Chromatids attach spindle fibers
What takes place In metaphase
Chromatids create metaphase plate in the center
What takes place in anaphase
Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends
What takes place in telophase
Cells begin to return to interphase and a cleavage furrow forms
What’s the metaphase plate
Chromosomal line up in the middle of cell xxxxx
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, end of division
Stage before actual mitosis begins
Interphase, cell growth
Interphase has what stages
G1, S, G2
What happens in G1
Protein synthesis and produce organelles
What happens in S
DNA replication
G2
Making proteins for mitosis
Glycolysis
Glucose goes through glycolysis and comes out pyruvate in process you produce two molecules of ATP
