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A&P > Chapt 2 Cells > Flashcards

Chapt 2 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic types of chemical reactions

A

Decomposition, synthesis, exchange reactions

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2
Q

Explain decomposition reaction

A

A-B –> A + B + energy
Chemical bonds being broken down into two or more substances
I.e. Digestion and glycogenolysis

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3
Q

Explain synthesis reaction

A

A + B + energy–>A-B
Reactants join together and create a new bond (product)
I.e. Protein synthesis and DNA synthesis

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4
Q

Explain exchange reaction

A

AB + CD –> AD + CB
Breaking down of two compounds and the production of two others
I.e. Buffering, Ph, and salts

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5
Q

Explain reversible reaction

A

A + B AB
Can proceed in both directions
More reactants it goes toward products, synthesis
More products it goes toward reactants, decomposition

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions which break down larger food molecules, uses hydrolysis and releases energy

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Builds more complex molecules using dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen and contain C-H covalent bonds

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9
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Don’t contain carbon hydrogen bonds (exception co2)

I.e. Oxygen, water, inorganic acids, bases, salts

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10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing

Fats, oils

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11
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

Attracted to h2o because it has polar covalent bonds

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12
Q

pH scale

A

indicator of free H+ concentration in solution

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13
Q

Importance of pH

A

If pH is off it can disturb cell function, and for protein structure and function

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14
Q

Buffers

A

Can prevent a change in pH to stay constant regardless of acidic or basic load
I.e. Alka-seltzer uses sodium bicarbonate to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in stomach

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic, sugar and starches

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16
Q

3 classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides- simple sugars i.e. Fructose and galactose
Disaccharides-double sugars
I.e. Sucrose
Polysaccharides- complex sugars, i.e. Glycogen

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Organic molecule

Hydrophobic

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18
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

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19
Q

Prostaglandins

A

-Release cells to coordinate or direct local Cellular activities
-Often called Hormones
- 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid w 5 carbon ring
I.e. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandins, reduces fever

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20
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most concentrated source of energy

Composed up of glycerol and fatty acids

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21
Q

Steroids

A

Nucleus of 4 attached rings, structural role cholesterol in plasma membranes and helps stabilize membranes
I.e. Estrogen, testosterone, vit d

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22
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acids and a polar head group
Polar heads point up and are hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic
Every membrane is made of phospholipids

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23
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids
Contain C,O, H, N
Supports membrane, cells, tissue and functional roles enzymes and hormones

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24
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins,

8 essential 12 non essential

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25
Q

Dipeptide

A

2 amino acids

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26
Q

Tripeptide

A

3 amino acids

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27
Q

Polypeptide

A

4-100 amino acids

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28
Q

100 or more amino acids

A

Protein

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29
Q

Amino group

Organic compound group

A

NH2

I.e. Amino acids

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30
Q

Carboxyl group

Organic compound group

A

COOH
Acts as an acid releasing H+ to become R—COO-
I.e. Fatty acids and amino acids

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31
Q

Hydroxyl group

Organic compound group

A

OH
Links molecules through dehydration synthesis;
I.e. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids

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32
Q

Phosphate group

Organic compound group

A

PO4
may store energy in high energy bonds
I.e. Phospholipids, nucleic acids,high energy compounds

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33
Q

Electrolytes

A

Includes acids, bases, salts
Molecules that separate into charged particles when dropped in water
Na+Cl-

34
Q

Describe base

A

A solute that accepts hydrogen ions from a solution, raising pH. Acts as a proton acceptor
I.e. Drano and household cleaning items

35
Q

Describe acid

A

A solute that dissociates in solutions and releases hydrogen ions, lowing pH
Proton donors
I.e. Beer, wine, tomatoes

36
Q

Describe salt

A

An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except hydroxide ion
I.e. Table salt

37
Q

DNA

A

Largest molecule in body, hydrogen bond
Base pairing Adenine with thymine
Guanine with cytosine

38
Q

RNA

A

Temporary copies of DNA

39
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Making proteins

40
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

41
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

Producing things that make proteins

42
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine

43
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)

44
Q

ATP

A

Adenine and ribose sugar w 3 phosphate groups attached

Energy molecule of a human

45
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic AMP

messenger molecule

46
Q

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Combinations of proteins and carbohydrate molecules

47
Q

O

A

Oxygen

Component water and other compounds

48
Q

C

A

Carbon

Found in organic molecules

49
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

Component of water and othe compounds in body

50
Q

N

A

Nitrogen

Found in proteins

51
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

Found in bones and teeth

52
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

Found in bones and teeth and nucleic acids

53
Q

K

A

Potassium

Important for membrane function

54
Q

Na

A

Sodium

Important for blood volume

55
Q

Cl

A

Chlorine

Important for blood volume

56
Q

Mg

A

Magnesium

Cofactor for many enzymes

57
Q

S

A

Sulfur

Found in many proteins

58
Q

Fe

A

Iron

Essential for oxygen transport and every capture

59
Q

I

A

Iodine

Component of hormones of the thyroid gland

60
Q

Base pairing

Adenine with

A

Thymine

61
Q

Base pairing

Guanine with

A

Cytosine

62
Q

3 parts of a Nucleotide

A
  • Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base
63
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing electrons with other atoms completing outer shell

64
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

65
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The most weak bond, the attraction between a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge

66
Q

Two cell types

A

Germ (reproductive)

Somatic (make up body)

67
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids and also contains carbohydrate, proteins and steroids
-function for protection, controls entry and exits of materials

68
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like cytosine and organelles

Water based component of cytoplasm

69
Q

Organelles

A

Suspended within cytosol that perform specific functions

70
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives cell shape and is made up of proteins

71
Q

3 fiber filaments

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

72
Q

Microfilament

A

Smallest cell fiber

  • anchor cytoskeleton
  • determine consistency of cytoplasm
  • allow movement of proteins to slide past one another
73
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Twisted protein stands and are thicker than microfilaments
Gives strength and form supporting framework in many kinds of cells
I.e. In skin

74
Q

Microtubules

A

Thickest cell fiber
Spiral pattern of two types of protein subunits
Moves things around cells
I.e. Important in mitosis

75
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger liked projections of plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area
I.e. Found on epithelial cells lining Intestines

76
Q

Cell projections

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
Centrioles

77
Q

Cilia

A

Cylinders of microtubules at core
Look like tony hairs
Function is to move the cell
I.e. Gets garbage out of lungs

78
Q

Flagella

A

9 pair of microtubules on outside and 2 single microtubules in center
I.e. Sperm

79
Q

Centrioles

A

Short microtubules
Important in cell division
Found in all animal cells

80
Q

Phospholipids heads are

A

Polar and hydrophilic

81
Q

Phospholipids tails are

A

Non polar and hydrophobic

82
Q

Carbohydrates importance and function

A

Primary source for ATP, structural role of DNA and RNA

A&P (17 decks)

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