Chapt 2 Cells Flashcards
Three basic types of chemical reactions
Decomposition, synthesis, exchange reactions
Explain decomposition reaction
A-B –> A + B + energy
Chemical bonds being broken down into two or more substances
I.e. Digestion and glycogenolysis
Explain synthesis reaction
A + B + energy–>A-B
Reactants join together and create a new bond (product)
I.e. Protein synthesis and DNA synthesis
Explain exchange reaction
AB + CD –> AD + CB
Breaking down of two compounds and the production of two others
I.e. Buffering, Ph, and salts
Explain reversible reaction
A + B AB
Can proceed in both directions
More reactants it goes toward products, synthesis
More products it goes toward reactants, decomposition
Catabolism
Reactions which break down larger food molecules, uses hydrolysis and releases energy
Anabolism
Builds more complex molecules using dehydration synthesis
Organic compounds
Contain carbon and hydrogen and contain C-H covalent bonds
Inorganic compounds
Don’t contain carbon hydrogen bonds (exception co2)
I.e. Oxygen, water, inorganic acids, bases, salts
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Fats, oils
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Attracted to h2o because it has polar covalent bonds
pH scale
indicator of free H+ concentration in solution
Importance of pH
If pH is off it can disturb cell function, and for protein structure and function
Buffers
Can prevent a change in pH to stay constant regardless of acidic or basic load
I.e. Alka-seltzer uses sodium bicarbonate to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in stomach
Carbohydrates
Organic, sugar and starches
3 classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides- simple sugars i.e. Fructose and galactose
Disaccharides-double sugars
I.e. Sucrose
Polysaccharides- complex sugars, i.e. Glycogen
Lipids
Organic molecule
Hydrophobic
Types of lipids
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
-Release cells to coordinate or direct local Cellular activities
-Often called Hormones
- 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid w 5 carbon ring
I.e. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandins, reduces fever
Triglycerides
Most concentrated source of energy
Composed up of glycerol and fatty acids
Steroids
Nucleus of 4 attached rings, structural role cholesterol in plasma membranes and helps stabilize membranes
I.e. Estrogen, testosterone, vit d
Phospholipids
Two fatty acids and a polar head group
Polar heads point up and are hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic
Every membrane is made of phospholipids
Proteins
Chains of amino acids
Contain C,O, H, N
Supports membrane, cells, tissue and functional roles enzymes and hormones
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteins,
8 essential 12 non essential
Dipeptide
2 amino acids
Tripeptide
3 amino acids
Polypeptide
4-100 amino acids
100 or more amino acids
Protein
Amino group
Organic compound group
NH2
I.e. Amino acids
Carboxyl group
Organic compound group
COOH
Acts as an acid releasing H+ to become R—COO-
I.e. Fatty acids and amino acids
Hydroxyl group
Organic compound group
OH
Links molecules through dehydration synthesis;
I.e. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids
Phosphate group
Organic compound group
PO4
may store energy in high energy bonds
I.e. Phospholipids, nucleic acids,high energy compounds
Electrolytes
Includes acids, bases, salts
Molecules that separate into charged particles when dropped in water
Na+Cl-
Describe base
A solute that accepts hydrogen ions from a solution, raising pH. Acts as a proton acceptor
I.e. Drano and household cleaning items
Describe acid
A solute that dissociates in solutions and releases hydrogen ions, lowing pH
Proton donors
I.e. Beer, wine, tomatoes
Describe salt
An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except hydroxide ion
I.e. Table salt
DNA
Largest molecule in body, hydrogen bond
Base pairing Adenine with thymine
Guanine with cytosine
RNA
Temporary copies of DNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Making proteins
mRNA
Messenger RNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Producing things that make proteins
Purines
Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)
ATP
Adenine and ribose sugar w 3 phosphate groups attached
Energy molecule of a human
cAMP
cyclic AMP
messenger molecule
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Combinations of proteins and carbohydrate molecules
O
Oxygen
Component water and other compounds
C
Carbon
Found in organic molecules
H
Hydrogen
Component of water and othe compounds in body
N
Nitrogen
Found in proteins
Ca
Calcium
Found in bones and teeth
P
Phosphorus
Found in bones and teeth and nucleic acids
K
Potassium
Important for membrane function
Na
Sodium
Important for blood volume
Cl
Chlorine
Important for blood volume
Mg
Magnesium
Cofactor for many enzymes
S
Sulfur
Found in many proteins
Fe
Iron
Essential for oxygen transport and every capture
I
Iodine
Component of hormones of the thyroid gland
Base pairing
Adenine with
Thymine
Base pairing
Guanine with
Cytosine
3 parts of a Nucleotide
- Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base
Covalent bond
Sharing electrons with other atoms completing outer shell
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
Hydrogen bond
The most weak bond, the attraction between a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge
Two cell types
Germ (reproductive)
Somatic (make up body)
Plasma membrane
Two layers of phospholipids and also contains carbohydrate, proteins and steroids
-function for protection, controls entry and exits of materials
Cytoplasm
Gel like cytosine and organelles
Water based component of cytoplasm
Organelles
Suspended within cytosol that perform specific functions
Cytoskeleton
Gives cell shape and is made up of proteins
3 fiber filaments
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microfilament
Smallest cell fiber
- anchor cytoskeleton
- determine consistency of cytoplasm
- allow movement of proteins to slide past one another
Intermediate filaments
Twisted protein stands and are thicker than microfilaments
Gives strength and form supporting framework in many kinds of cells
I.e. In skin
Microtubules
Thickest cell fiber
Spiral pattern of two types of protein subunits
Moves things around cells
I.e. Important in mitosis
Microvilli
Finger liked projections of plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area
I.e. Found on epithelial cells lining Intestines
Cell projections
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
Centrioles
Cilia
Cylinders of microtubules at core
Look like tony hairs
Function is to move the cell
I.e. Gets garbage out of lungs
Flagella
9 pair of microtubules on outside and 2 single microtubules in center
I.e. Sperm
Centrioles
Short microtubules
Important in cell division
Found in all animal cells
Phospholipids heads are
Polar and hydrophilic
Phospholipids tails are
Non polar and hydrophobic
Carbohydrates importance and function
Primary source for ATP, structural role of DNA and RNA
