Interior Building Materials and Finishes Flashcards
The most used materials for partitions
gypsum wallboard
lath & plaster
masonry
gypsum wallboard
- 4’ sheets at 8’, 10’, 12, and 14’ lengths
- 5/8” thick (comm) or 1/2” thick (res)
- tapered edges most common
- Level 0 - no taping finishing or accessories
- Level 1 - taped edges, used for plenums and non viewable areas
- Level 2 - used where tile backerboard will be placed or appearance is not critical
- Level 3 - same as level 2 but two coats of compound used. used for textured wall finishes, wallpaper
- Level 4 - 3 coats of compound, light textures or wallcoverings, no gloss or semi gloss
- Level 5 - skim coat of compound, gloss and semi gloss paints okay.
standard depths of steel studs
1 5/8, 2 1/2, 3 5/8, 4, and 6
Lath and Plaster
plaster - finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water
two types of plaster construction:
1. metal lath attached to wood or metal studs
2. special gypsum board for plaster
demountable partitions
a system of individual components that can be quickly assembled, disassembled, and reused with nearly total salvageability
Float glass
the standard type of glass used in common windows and other applications where additional strength or other properties are not required
tempered glass
produced by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment. 4x stronger than annealed glass. cannot be cut drilled or deeply etched
laminated glass
consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together by an interlayer of plyvinyl butryal.
Wire glass
has a mesh of wire embedded in the middle of the sheet
fire rated doors
1 hour rated wall = 20 min rated door
1 hour occ. sep = 3/4 hour rated door
1 hour exit stair = 1 hr rated door
types of molding
crown molding base molding casing trim panel trim chair rails base shoes
Formula for stairs (risers and treads)
2R+T=25”
3 basic qualities of sound
velocity
frequency
and power
dB change in intensity
20 - whisper 50 - average conversation 70 - average street noise 120 - hard rock band 140 - jet plane taking off
A healthy young person can hear sounds from 20-20,000Hz
2 problems in containing noise
preventing or minimizing the transmission of sounds from one space to another and reducing the noise within a space
STC
Sound Transmission Class - used to rate the transmission loss of construction
25 - normal speech can be heard through barrier
35 - loud speech is not understood but heard
46-50 - loud speech not heard, loud sounds may be heard faintly
coefficient of absorption
the ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material
noise reduction within a space
avoid hard, reflective surfaces on walls
avg. absorption coeff. should be at least 0.20
ceiling treatments for sound is best for large rooms, as wall treatments is best for small rooms
3 ways to control sound in a room
reduce the level of loudness of the sound source
modifying the absorption in the space
introducing nonintrusive background sound to mask the unwanted sound
room planning for noise
place similar areas near each other
use buffer spaces to separate noise-producing spaces
stagger doorways
NRC, SRA, and CAC
noise reducing coefficient - single number rating of the avg. sound absorption of a material over a limited frequency range
SRA - Speech range absorption
CAC - ceiling attenuation class
Wood flooring
4 types:
1. strip flooring - most common, strips of varying lengths with tongue and groove edges
2. plank flooring - same as strip but wider for larger scale
3. block flooring - preassembled wood flooring (parquet)
4. end grain block
wood flooring laid on plywood or sleepers
Carpet
rugs
sheet carpet - comes in 12’ wide rolls
carpet tiles - 18” square
Tile
ceramic tile - thin, made from clay, glazed or unglazed,
quarry tile - glazed or unglazed, 6” area
ceramic mosaic - dust pressed or extrusion method, 1/4-3/8” thick
porcelain - made from clay, sand and water, lighter in color, more durable, less susceptible to freezing and thawing
Laminate Flooring
variation of plastic laminate, can resemble wood, tile or stone
hard, durable, easy to install
COF
coefficient of friction, used to evaluate and specify the slip resistance of floor surfaces.
ranges from 0-1 (higher means less slippery)
static coefficient - resting position
dynamic coefficient - two surfaces are in relative motion
Paint
composed of:
binder - gives paint film integrity and holds particles of pigment together
pigments - finely ground natural or synthetic insoluble material that gives paint its color
liquid - keeps the paint fluid until it dries
additives - added to the paint to impart certain
attributes (mildewcides, rheology modifiers, surfactants, defoamers)
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds - hydrocarbon solvents usedin paints, stains, and other products that are released into the air during application and react with nitrous oxide and sublight to form ozone, the same product caused by automotive exhaust and other pollutants
wallpaper
typically 20 1/2" w x 21' long pattern repeat (straight match or drop match) vinyl wallcovering - durable, easy to clean, type I, II, or III. fabric wallcovering - wool, silk or synthetics, upholstered walls,
window treatments
enhance appearance of windows, control light, provide privacy, reduce heat gain and loss, block bad views, reduce sound roller shades roman shades Austrian shades Venetian blinds mini blinds vertical blinds louvered shutters drapery translucent panels
carpet calculations
to estimate carpet needed, you need the area of the space and a carpet layout showing seam locations and direction of nap
- measured by square yard
wallpaper calculations
square footage method - total area to be covered is calculated, modified by an allowance for waste and deductions for doors, windows, and other areas
strip method - total perimeter of room calculated in inches and divided by width of the roll of wallcovering material check book (ch 16) for more specifics
drapery calculations
fabric width = opening size, stacking space, return, overlap
fullness = width before pleating - width after pleating/width after pleating x 100
softwood vs hardwood
softwood - timber from evergreen trees (pine and fir)
hardwood - timber from deciduous trees (oak and maple)
solid stock lumber vs veneer
solid stock - thick piece of lumber used alone to form some woodwork component
veneer is a thin piece of wood sliced from a log and glued to a backing or particle board or plywood
lumber cutting
plain saw - straight through the log
quarter saw - sliced diagonally in each quadrant
rift sawing - sliced towards center in each quadrant
standing vs running trim
standing trim - item of fixed length such as a door or window casing that can be installed with a single length of wood
running trim - an item of continuing length such as a caseload, chair rail, or cornice which needs multiple wood pieces.
Opaque wood finishes
lacquer
varnish
polyurethane
polyester
solid surfacing millwork
generic term for homogeneous, polymer-based surfacing materials. combination of two ingredients - a filler and a clear resin binder, either acrylic, polyester, or a mixture of the two
quartz surfacing
when quartz is crushed and set in a resin with pigments to create a durable and scratch resistant surface material
What to consider with FF&E research
industry standards codes and regulations sustainability samples and mock ups costs
FF&E Information Sources
Journals & Newsletters Merch Marts, Shows and Showrooms Manufacturers, Dealers, and Reps Internet Research Trade Associations Product Information
Criteria for materials selection
Function Durability Maintainability Safety/Health Cost
Finish Function
acoustic qualities aesthetics availability choice installation
Finish Durability
Abrasion Resistance chemical resistance coating adhesion cold-cracking resistance colorfastness corrosion resistance fabrication quality heat-aging resistance lightfastness scrubbability shrinkage stain resistance strength/structure tear resistance washability
Finish Maintainability
Cleanability Repairability Resilience Self-healing quality Sustainability
Finish Safety/Health
Finish safety Flammability Mold and Mildew Resistance Outgassing (release of toxic gases) Security Slip resistance VOC
3 categories of furniture
ready-made, custom-designed, and built-in
Wool
used for carpets, upholstery and drapery resilient great elasticity cleans easily self extinguishing
expensive
not as stable since it can be stretched
Cotton
natural fiber
inexpensive
good strength
moderate abrasion resistance
poor resilience
burns readily
subject to mildew
Linen
mostly used for draperies and wall coverings natural fiber lacks resilience and flexibility susceptible to abrasion does not take printed dyes well
Silk
Natural fiber
strong
good resilience and flexibility
expensive
degrades in sunlight
Rayon
mostly used for upholstery high absorbency poor sunlight resistance poor resiliency low resistance to water and moisture flammable
Nylon
synthetic fiber
strong
high resilience and elasticity
resistant to many chemicals and water
Polyester
synthetic fiber
good resilience and elasticity
high resistance to solvents and chemicals
undesirable burning properties
smoldering resistance
cigarette ignition resistance test for upholstery
Indentation Load Deflection (ILD)
the # of pounds it takes to compress the foam down to 1” or 25%
Vertical ignition test
establishes two procedures for testing the flammability of draperies, curtains, and other window treatments
Cigarette Ignition Resistance Test of Furniture Components
tests the resistance of upholstered furniture components separately, to flame and cigarette ignition
Cigarette Ignition Resistance Test of Furniture Composites
tests the resistance of a seat cushion mockup (including foam, liner, and fabric) to a lighted cigarette
Full seating test
test evaluates the effect of an open flame on an actual sample of a chair
Wyzenbeek abrasion resistance test
test determines the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics
Taber abraser test
test determines the abrasion resistance of textiles, most commonly carpet.
Martindale abrasion test
this test determines the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, generally with a pile depth of less than 0.08” (2mm)
Fade-ometer Test
test determines the colorfastness under light exposure of textile materials using six different test options. The most common test option uses xenon arc lamp with continuous light
Crocking resistance test
test determines the resistance of a colored textile to transfer its color from its surface to other surfaces by rubbing
Tearing strength test, tongue method
this test measures the tearing resistance of fabrics after an initial cut has been made in the fabric
Bacterial resistance test
test detects bacteriostatic activity on textile materials
wool carpet fibers
- natural, durable, wears well, flame resistant, easy to clean
nylon carpet fibers
- strong, wear-resistant, good stain and crush resistance, most widely used
acrylic carpet fibers
- moderate abrasion resistance, good crush resistance, easy to maintain
polyester carpet fibers
- synthetic, high abrasion resistant, good crush resistance, cleans well, low in cost
olefin carpet fibers
- indoor/outdoor, durable, stain-resistant, cleans easily
