IDFX - Programming & Site Analysis Flashcards
5 Step Programming Process
- Establishing goals
- Collecting and Analyzing facts
- Uncovering and testing concepts
- Determining Needs
- Stating the problem
Four major considerations during programming
- Form
- Function
- Economy
- Time
Priority (programmatic concept)
establishes the order of importance of things such as size, position, or social values
Hierarchy (programmatic concept)
relates to the idea of the exercise of authority and is expressed in physical symbols of authority
Character (programmatic concept)
a response to the desired image the client wants to project - may later be expressed through materials, lighting, space layout etc.
Density (programmatic concept)
low medium or high - may relate to how a space or group of spaces are used to respond to goals
Service Groupings (programmatic concept)
include mechanical services, distribution of supplies, storage space, information, vending areas etc.
Activity grouping (programmatic concept)
states whether activities should be integrated or separated and compartmentalized
People grouping (programmatic concept)
states the degree of massing of people in a space and is derived from the physical, social and emotional characteristics of the group
Home Base (programmatic concept)
related to the concept of territoriality and is a place where someone can maintain their individuality
Relationship (programmatic concept)
include the affinities of people and activities
Communications (programmatic concept)
a response to the goal of promoting the effective exchange of information or ideas. States who communicates with who and how they do it
Neighbors (programmatic concept)
concept that refers to how the project will promote or prevent sociability and how it will relate to its neighbors
Accessibility (programmatic concept)
relates to the idea of entry to a building or space and to making the facility accessible to the disabled
Separated Flow (programmatic concept)
relates to segregating the flow of people, service access, and other activities of a building or space.
Mixed Flow (programmatic concept)
a response to the goal of promoting interaction among people
Sequential Flow (programmatic concept)
often required for both people and objects where a specific series of events or processes is required (starting to ending point)
Orientation (programmatic concept)
refers to providing a point of reference within a space or building to help keep people from feeling lost within a larger context
Flexibility (programmatic concept)
includes:
- expandability - how a space can accommodate growth with expansion
- convertibility - how a space can allow for changes in function through conversion of spaces
- versatility - provides for several different activities with multifunctional space
Tolerance (programmatic concept)
allows for extra space for a dynamic activity instead of fitting the space precisely to a static activity
Safety (programmatic concept)
focuses attention on life safety and the conceptual ways to achieve it
Security Controls (programmatic concept)
refers to ways that both people and property can be protected based on the value of potential loss
Energy conservation (programmatic concept)
can be achieved in several ways; by keeping the heated area to a minimum, keeping heat flow to a minimum, using materials production low amounts of energy, using recycled and recyclable materials
Environmental Controls (programmatic concept)
explores the kinds of controls necessary to meet human comfort needs, including air temperature, light, sound, and humidity
Phasing (programmatic concept)
determines if the project must be completed in stages to meet time and cost schedules
Cost Control (programmatic concept)
explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and balanced budget to meet clients available funds
programming format should include:
statement of goals and objectives, list of client requirements, list of spaces and square footages (also survey, budget requirements, scheduling contraints, expansion requirements)
Anthropometrics
measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body (static - at rest, dynamic - in motion)
Ergonomics
Study of the relationship between human physiology and the physical environment
Most important aspect of designing a computer station
keyboard height - 26”- 28.5”
Human comfort
based on the quality of the following primary environmental factors (w/comfortable range):
- temperature (69-80)
- humidity (30-65%)
- air movement (50-200 ft/min wind speeds)
- temperature radiation to & from surrounding surfaces (
- air quality
- sound
- vibration
- light
Required info to gather in programming
- goals and objectives
- user requirements
- activity requirements
- furnishings and equipment
- adjacencies
- space requirements listed by activity area and square footage
- time and money requirements
Strategies of client interviews
questionnaires, observations, field surveys
Site analysis
investigation and evaluation of conditions within which the project will be completed. Can be part of programming or separate
Tasks included in site analysis
- reviewing architectural plans
- walking, measuring, photographing space
- determining views from space
- understanding neighborhood and social context
- documenting space with drawings, utilities, built ins
- Making inventory of existing furniture and equipment
- analyzing codes and regulations
- determining sustainability requirements and goals
- verifying MEP capacities for new design
- determining constraints like zoning etc.
What does a field survey determine
- size and configuration of existing building
- existing nonloadbearing partitions, cabinetry, built in items
- location and size of doors
- type and height of ceiling
- location of electrical and telephone outlets
- location and size of MEP elements
- location and type of existing lighting
- general conditions of construction
- true north and amount of natural light
- views from windows
- potential noise problems
- special architecture features
- potential environmental issues (asbestos, lead paint etc.)
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - national consensus-based building rating system designed to accelerate the development and implementation of green building practices.
Developed by USGBC
four levels: certified, silver, gold, and platinum
LEED-CI
Rating system for commercial interiors, which is also applicable to tenant improvements of new or existing office space
Brownfield Site
commercial or industrial property where the development, expansion, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant
Albedo
fraction of the radiant energy received on a surface - in this case, the suns energy - that is subsequently reflected back into space
3 ways space needs are determined
- multiply the area one person needs by the total number of people in the same area
- by size of an object of piece of equipment
- through a built-in set of rules or customs related to the activity itself (sports facilities, courtroom)
Linear Workflow
work or business process proceeds from one location to another in strict sequence
Centralized workflow
work is controlled from one central position
Departmental Workflow
hierarchical, typically with one group controlling work divided into separate departments
Network Workflow
no strictly organized method of workflow
Workflow can be analyzed with respect to the existing building using the following criteria
- points of public & service entry
- spaces with/without views
- size and shape of space
- locations of plumbing and other building services
- Available ceiling height
Typical regulations and standards for leased building designs
- rentable-usable ratio can affect how much rent a tenant pays
- building standard allowances for things such as partitions, doors, light fixtures, and electrical outlets
- limitations on finishes or entry into space
- signage, security, service access regulations
- hours building is open
Building systems review
includes a study of the structural, mechanical, and electrical systems is critical for a complete understanding of the context of the design problem
Plan arrangements (design concept)
- Open - no space-defining partitions, only furniture, and accessories
- Linear - arranges spaces in a row, used for practical reasons to separate groups of enclosed spaces with large open space
- Axial - aligns spaces on a significant feature, combines centralized and linear,
- Centralized - uses single dominant space with secondary spaces grouped around
- Grid - arranges spaces on a predefined, regular pattern of points or intersecting parallel lines.
- Clustered - organizes spaces based on proximity to each other, usually similar in function, size, or shape.
Space relationships: Adjacent
most common, each space has its own function and is separated by a partition or other construction element
Space relationships: Overlapping Spaces
two spaces whose unique limits are perceived but share a common space. overlap can be used to serve a function common to both or to just tie them together (example: stage is shared by auditorium and back of stage area)
Space relationships: Spaces sharing a common space
spaces retain their unique identity and are linked with a third space that has its own identity. (ex: house with rooms around a courtyard
Space relationships: A space within a space
clearly identifiable space or room is placed as an ‘object’ within a larger open space. (ex: enclosed conference room placed in an open office space)
Details of interior construction serve 3 purposes
- a way of fitting the larger components together
- to solve functional problems
- to enhance the intent of the overall design concept
Three basic types of adjacency needs
people, products and information
Space planning
the process used to translate programmatic needs and board design concepts into a physical plan of the space my organizing major rooms and areas, determining circulation systems, and laying out furniture.
Aspects of existing conditions that can influence the space plan
- relationships to surrounding areas
- size of existing space
- views
- special features
- structural considerations
- plumbing
Circulation patterns: Dumbell Layout
simplest and most flexible. spaces are laid out along a straight path that connects two major elements at the ends.
Circulation patterns: doughnut configuration
provides a double-loaded corridor and makes a continuous exit way.
Circulation patterns: radial layout
one major space with paths extending from this central area
LEED credit for existing building elements maintained
LEED gives credit for maintaining 40% of nonbuilding shell systems (walls, flooring, ceilings, and doors)Additional credit for 60%
Sustainable building design
includes the environmental impact of a project, use of materials, energy conservation, use of alternative energy sources, adaptive reuse, indoor air quality, recycling, reuse & other strategies to achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources and the renewal of those resources
USGBC (building rating system)
U.S. Green Building Council - a national coalition of leaders from all aspects of building industry working to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible and profitable and that provide healthy places to live and work.
CaGBC (building rating system)
Canada Green Building Council
GBI (building rating system)
Green Building Initiative - a non-profit org. that promotes environmentally sustainable building practices. Has a point system with categories of energy, indoor environment, site, water, resources, emissions, and project management. If certified, it is rated with 1-4 globes.
created ‘Green Globes’ - a green building guidance and assessment program
NAHB (building rating system)
National Association of Home Builders - partners of the ICC, they developed the ‘National Green Building Standard’ which described green building practices for single and multifamily homes, residential remodeling projects, and site development projects that allow for regionally appropriate sustainable practices. (approved by ANSI)
Includes scoring for site lot design, preparation, and development, resource efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and operation, maintenance,, and building owner education.. Can be awarded bronze, silver, gold, or emerald depending on points.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Energy Star (building rating system)
program of the EPA and U.S. dept. of energy. Provides tools and resources to assist architects, business owners, and others involved in the building process to design, build, commission, and manage projects in ways that save energy. the scale of 1-100 after one year can be labeled with energy star
CHPS (building rating system)
Collaborative for High-Performance Schools - membership association composed of public, private, and nonprofit organizations. originally for California schools. Provides assessment tools/criteria for recognition for 12 states
BIFMA (Product Certification)
The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer Association maintains two ANSI approved standards for volatile organic compound emissions from office furniture.
Energy Star Product Label (Product Certification)
designed to promote energy efficient products, such as office equip., residental furnaces, and air conditioning equip., lighting, and consumer appliances.
RFCI (Product Certification)
FloorScore of the Resilient Floor Covering Institute - tests and certifies hard surface flooring products for compliance with strict indoor air quality requirements in California.
FSC (Product Certification)
Forest Stewardship Council - international org. that oversees the development of national and regional standards based on basic forest management principles and criteria.
Greenguard (Product Certification)
Greenguard Environmental Institute - non-profit industry independent org. that oversees the greenguard certification program. tests indoor products for emissions to ensure they meet acceptable indoor air quality pollutant guidelines and standards.
If approved, products are added to the Greenguard product guide (includes bldg. materials, furnishings, furniture, cleaning and maintenance products, electronic equip. and personal care)
Green Label Plus, Carpet and Rug Institute (Product Certification)
the voluntary testing program for carpet, cushion and adhesive that conforms to the standards of the CHPS
Greenformat (Product Certification)
a web-based database developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) to allow manufacturers to self-report the sustainability properties of their products using a standard questionnaire format.
Five categories: background info, product details, product life cycle, additional information, and authorization.
ISO 14000 (Product Certification)
International Organization for Standardization is a nongovernmental organization comprised of national standards bodies from over 120 countries. a collection of standards and guidelines that cover issues such as performance, product standards, labeling, environmental management, and life cycle assessment as they relate to the environment
MBDC C2C (Product Certification)
Cradle to Cradle - 5 tiered classification of basic, bronze, silver, gold, or platinum-based on material health, material re-utilization, renewable energy, water stewardship, and social fairness
SCS (Product Certification)
Scientific Certification Systems - a private organization established to advance both public and private sectors toward more environmentally sustainable policies as an independent third-party certifier.
Certifies specific product attributes such as biodegradability and recycled content.
SFI (Product Certification)
Sustainable Forestry Initiative - an independent charitable organization dedicated to promoting sustainable forest management. includes forest certification, chain-of-custody certification, fiber sourcing requirements, and SFI labels. An SFI product indicates that it has come from a certified forest.
UL Environment (Product Certification)
program of Underwriters Laboratories (UL) that promotes the marketplace visibility of sustainable products, services, and organizations.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
provides a methodology to evaluate the environmental impact of using a particular material or product in a building. Four phases:
- determines purpose & goals of doing a study
- inventory analysis - determines and quantifies all of the inputs and outputs of the product understudy
- impact assessment - characterizes the effects of the processes found in the inventory analysis in terms of their impacts on the environment
- Improvement analysis - provides suggestions on how to reduce the environmental impact of all raw materials, energy, and processing required for the product or construction activity
Product Life Cycle Phase 1: Raw Material Acquisition
acquisition of raw materials and energy from mining, drilling, or other activities
processing of raw materials
transportation of raw materials to processing points
Product Life Cycle Phase 2: Manufacturing
conversion of raw materials into products
manufacturing/fabricating of materials into final product
packaging the product
transportation of finished product
Product Life Cycle Phase 3: Use and Maintenance
installation or construction of the product in the building
long term use of product throughout life
maintenance and repair of the product throughout life
Product Life Cycle Phase 4: Disposal
demolition of product used in building
conversion of waste into other useful products
waste disposal of product
reuse or recycling of the product if not disposed of or converted
Metals (sustainability)
high potential for recycling
steel available with up to 30% recycled content
Aluminum is available with up to 20% recycled content
Wood (sustainability)
minimize the problem of deforestation by specifying sustainable or alternate materials, or using certified wood products
Flooring (sustainability)
3 major considerations:
- raw material use
- raw material disposal
- indoor air quality
Wall finishes (sustainability)
gyp is manufactured with 100% recycled content. 20% of industries total use of gyp is a synthetic gyp.
CAA
Clean Air Act - paints sold now must meet this for low VOC ratings
Mechanical Systems
HVAC must conform to ANSI/ASHRAE/IES
Displacement ventilation is a system that supply air originates at floor level and rises to return-air grilles in the ceiling
Indoor air contaminants
two groups: Chemical & Biological
Chemical - volatile organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, tobacco smoke…
Biological - mold, pollen, bacteria, viruses
VOC
Volatile Organic Compounds - chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen and that vaporize at room temperature and pressure.
found in many indoor sources like paint, stain, adhesive, sealants, water repellents/sealers, particleboard, furniture, upholstery, carpeting
Causes of poor IAQ
- chemical contaminants from indoor sources
- chemical contaminants from outdoor sources (when air intake vents located poorly allowing outside pollutants in)
- biological contaminants (develop from moisture infiltration)
- poor ventilation
Symptoms of poor IAQ
- Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) - building occ. experience a variety of health-related symptoms that cannot be directly linked to any particular cause.
- Building related illness (BRI) - the health related symptom or symptoms of a building’s occ. are identified and can be directly attributed to certain building contaminants
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) - brought on by exposure to VOCs or other chemicals
Strategies for maintaining good IAQ
- Eliminate or reduce sources of pollen
- Control ventilation
- Establish good maintenance procedures
- Control occupant activity
CAA (IAQ Standards)
Clean Air Act - regulates air emissions from area, stationary and mobile sources
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (IAQ Standards)
implements part of the CAA
ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1 (IAQ Standards)
industry standard incorporated by most building codes. Sets minimum outdoor air requirements for ventilation and provisions for managing sources of contamination, controlling indoor humidity and filtering building air
ANSI/AHRAE 62.2 (IAQ Standards)
Voluntary industry standard that applies to single-family houses and multi-family buildings of 3 stories or less
Hazardous Material Mitigation
- Asbestos - naturally occurring fibrous mineral found in certain types of rock formations. Causes lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma
- Vermiculite - hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-ironsilicate It is found in insualtion and contains some asbestos
- Lead - highly toxic metal once used in products. leads to serious health issues, mostly comes from paint before 1978 or soil and household dust that has picked up kead
- Radon - colorless, odorless, tasteless, naturally ocurring radioactive gas found in soils, rocks and water. Can cause lung cancer. Accumulates over time
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls - mixtures of synthetic organic chemicals with physical states. Used in building transformers, fluorescent lights, paints, coatings, plastic and rubber. Can cause cancer
Adaptive Reuse
begins with reusing as much of the existing building stock as possible. Can receive LEED credit for maintaining at least 75% of existing building structure and shell.
IECC
Internation Energy Conservation Code - developed by ICC to regulate minimum energy conservation requirements for new buildings
IgCC
International Green Construction Code - developed by ICC to strengthen building codes in order to accelerate the transition to high performance green buildings
Coproduct
a marketable byproduct from a process that can include materials traditionally considered to be waste but that can be used as raw materials in a different manufacturing process
Demand controlled ventilation
a system designed to adjust the amount of ventilation air provided to space, based on the extent of occ, The system normally uses carbon dioxide sensors but may also use occupancy sensors or air quality sensors
Post-consumer
referring to a material or product that has served its intended use and has been diverted or recovered from waste destined for disposal, having completed its life as a consumer item
Post industrial
referring to materials generated in manufacturing processes that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste
Recovered materials
waste or byproducts that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste disposal. the term does not apply to materials that are generated from or reused within an original manufacturing process
