Design & Communication Techniques Flashcards
Graphic Scale
ratio of a measuring unit to the fill size item it represents
3 types:
-architect’s scale (inches) (1/4” = 1’ - 0”)
-metric scale (SI Metric Units) (1:50)
-engineers scale (feet and fractions) (1” = 40’)
2 main parts of a scale:
- 1’ segment showing fractions of an inch
- remained marked off in full foot increments
CADD
Computer Aided Drafting and Design
Commonly used scales
1/16” - large floor plans
1/8” - floor plans
1/4” - floor plans, int. elev, bldg sections
3/8” - complex int. elev or bldg sections
1/2” - enlarged floor plans
1” - simple details
1.5” - ceiling details, cabinet details
3” - door, cabinet, other complex details
Plans
Floor plan - above view cut at 4’
Roof plan - only showing roof
Site plan - shows roof and ground
RCPs - mirror of ceiling
Elevations
view of the side of an object
shows vertical dimensions of things on a wall or in a room
Sections
view of an object if cut and one portion has been removed
shows cuts through solids and voids
solid portions are hatched to show material
heavy profile lines
Axons
3 types:
isometric - 3 dimensional view
dimetric - 2 of the principle axes are shortened
trimetric - all three principle axes are shortened
Oblique Drawings
3 dimensional view of an object where one plane is parallel to the picture plane
Perspective Drawings
use convergence which is the apparent diminishing size of objects as they get further from the eye
Lines all go towards a vanishing point
one point perspective - pov is perpendicular to one of the planes of the object
two point perspective - when the point of view is at normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object
PP - Picture Plane
SP - Station Point
HL - Horizontal Line
VPL - Left Vanishing Point
VPR - Right Vanishing Point
Models
two types:
- presentation model - very detailed and accurate
- study models - rough models used to aid understanding of 3d space
Written Program
title page & introduction summary goals & objectives summary of space needs space adjacencies code requirements analysis of existing space budget and schedule programming concepts appendices
Presentation techniques
goals to elicit client comments on the conclusions and to get approval so design can proceed.
for larger groups a presentation board/electronic presentation may be used
Communication for Materials and Furnishings
done with sample boards
photographs of furniture
actual samples with sketches, perspectives to aid
Field Measuring
when existing drawings are not provided
sketch building floor plan/elevations/casework/plumbing/ceiling etc. roughly to scale
add measurements
accuracy of 1/4” is sufficient
use measurements taken to draft a floor plan
discrepancies of 8” or more indicate a mistake was made
EDM & REDM (Measuring tools and techniques)
EDM - electronic distance measurer (very accurate)
REDM - reflectorless electronic distance measurer (accurate)
Rectified Photography (Measuring tools and techniques)
large format film based camera views for facades that dimensions can be taken from
Orthophotography (Measuring tools and techniques)
Similar to Rectified photography but with digital images
Photogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)
surveying of objects or spaces by using photos and software
Stereophotogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)
uses two overlapping photos at different angles used to create a 3D drawing on a computer
Convergent photogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)
uses multiple oblique photos of an object taken @ diff angles. measurements and 3D models are derived using software
Laser Scanning (Measuring tools and techniques)
uses medium range pulsing laser beams which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3D coordinates of points on surfaces of object or space being scanned
Determining total required area
total amount of space required to accommodate clients needs should be calculated through code by multiplying the amount of space needed per person by # of people in the same area
If leasing, the rentable space must be determined
Net Area
does not include circulation or incidental space (closets, columns, walls)
Efficiency Factor
mathematical ratio of one area to another per building type
take into account the required circulation space needed per tenant, as well as non usable area
range from 0.60 to 0.80
- this means approx. 20% - 40% of net area is devoted to non usable areas
Occupant area
total portion of a building being actively used by a tenant
Estimated Required Occupant Area
calculated by dividing the net area by the efficiency factor.
Determining rentable area
Common building areas include shared corridors, restrooms, elevator lobbies, mechanical rooms, vending areas…
rentable area is the product of the tenant’s occupant area and a load factor to account for the shared portion of the building
BOMA
Building Owners and Managers Association - produces standards detailing common methods of measuring space for retail, industrial, multi residential, and mixed use buildings.
IFMA
International Facility Mangement Association also produces standards that give methods for measuring space
When office lease space only occupies a portion of a floor
if glass is >50% of wall area, occupant area is measured from inside glass surface to finish inside face of interior wall (to shared space) and to the centerline of the walls shared by other tenants
if glass is <50% of wall area, space is measured to inside surface of exterior wall
When a tenant occupies an entire floor
occupant area includes all the space taken by the base building circulation, as well as the elevator lobby
base building circulation is the minimum path on a multi-occupant floor necessary for access to and egress from occupant areas, elevators, stairs, restrooms, janitors closets, and similar areas
Sheet Sizes
Office will usually use two sizes depending on project
size based on:
1. architectural system
2. ANSI system
3. International Organization for Standardization system (ISO)
Sheet Sizes (dimensions)
Arch A - 9 x 12 Arch B - 12 x 18 Arch C - 18 x 24 Arch D - 24 x 36 Arch E - 36 x 48 Arch F - 30 x 42
ANSI A - 8.5 x 11 ANSI B - 11 x 17 ANSI C - 17 x 22 ANSI D - 22 x 34 ANSI E - 34 x 44
Title Blocks
designer/firm name and information consultants names and information project title and address owner name and address project number professional stamps/seals revision column sheet title and number drawn/checked/approved by key plan scale north arrow notes/legends
Reference Systems
drawing number combined with sheet number (6/A101)
UDS
Uniform Drawing System
CSI
Construction Specifications Institute
BIM
Building Information Modeling
