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physiology IV > integration of cardiac function > Flashcards

integration of cardiac function Flashcards

1
Q

explain why blood pressure only increases slightly during exercise when the cardiac output is greatly increased

A

because although the venoconstriction causes increased pressure, it is counteracted by the arterial vasodilation in the skeletal muscle which decreases the TPR

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2
Q

what does sympathetic venoconstriction due to the MSFP? why?

A

it increases it because there is now the blood volume is contained in a smaller cardiovascular system

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3
Q

cwhat does sympathetic arteriolar vasoconstriction due to the MSFP? why?

A

vasoconstriction in the arteries has a negligable or no effect on the MSFP because the arterioles contain a much smaller quantity of blood

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4
Q

what is the length of the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8-1.0 seconds

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5
Q

what are the 4 phases that the cardiac cycle is generally split into?

A
  1. Filling phase
  2. Isovolumetric contraction phase
  3. ejection phase
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation phase
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6
Q

what does the P wave in a EKG correspond to?

A

atrial depolarization

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7
Q

what does the QRS complex in a EKG correspond to?

A

ventricular depolarization

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8
Q

what does the T wave in a EKG correspond to?

A

ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

what does the TP segment correspond to?

A

ventricular diastole- at the end of which atrial depolarization produces the P wave of the EKG

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10
Q

what does the ST segment correspond to?

A

the plateau phase- phase 2

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11
Q

what produces the QRS complex?

A

upstrokes of all the ventricular action potentials

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12
Q

if the left ventricle falls from 120 mL to 50 mL during the ejection phase, what was the stroke volume?

A

70 mL

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13
Q

what is the normal ejection fraction for a healthy person?

A 
58% in notes
60% he said in class
55% we heard in a different class

who f-ing knows

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14
Q

when does most ventricular filling occur?

A

during early diastole as soon at the mitral and tricuspid valves open

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15
Q

what is the role of atrial systole in regards to ventricular volume?

A

produces only a small rise in pressure for both R. and L. hearts and responsible only for a SMALL increase in ventricular volume

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16
Q

when does atrial diastole occur?

A

during ventricular systole

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17
Q

when does diastole begin?

A

at the dichrotic notch when the aortic valve closes (also when the pulmonary valve closes)

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18
Q

explain how the ventricular pressure decreases while the ventricular volume is increasing?

A

the forward momentum of the blood entering the ventricles distends the ventricles, EXPANDING THEM and DROPPING the pressure even though the ventricular blood volume is increasing

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19
Q

explain the difference between the rapid ejection and the slow ejection phase

A
  1. rapid ejection- ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure so they blood opens the valve and rushes into the aorta
  2. slow ejection phase- ventricular pressure falls very rapidly, and actually falls BELOW the aortic pressure! dont worry though- the blood continues to flow due to the forward momentum but it is slowed down due to the reverse pressure gradient
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20
Q

during the filling phase, what is state of the tricuspid valvue? mitral valve?

A

both are open!

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21
Q

what do the 2 sounds in the cardiac cycle correspond to?

A
  • First heart sound at the closure of the AV valves

- Second heart sound at the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

22
Q

in a jugular pulse reading, what do the following waves correspond to?
A:
C:
V:

A

A: atrial contraction
C: closure of tricuspid valve
V: atrial filling & emptying

23
Q

what is the function of the Wigger’s diagram?

A

it Summarizes the time course of aortic, atrial and ventricular pressures, valve motions, heart sounds, left ventricular volume, jugular pulse and EKG during the cardiac cycle

24
Q

what does increased contractility and increased preload do to stroke volume?

A

both of these variables increase SV

25
Q

what does afterload due to SV? why? what is an example of when this can happen?

A

increased after load decreases SV because the end systolic volume will be increased
this can occur if aortic valve diseases and in hypertension

26
Q

what does increased atrial filling pressure do to SV?

A

decrease it

27
Q

what does increased ventricular filling time do to SV?

A

increases it

28
Q

what does increased ventricular compliance do to SV?

A

increases it

29
Q

what does increased heart rate do to SV?

A

decreases it

30
Q

what does increased preload do to SV?

A

increase it

starling’s principal

31
Q

what does increased afterload do to SV?

A

decreases it

32
Q

which atria contracts first?

A

right

33
Q

which ventricle contracts first?

A

left

34
Q

describe the contraction of the R ventricle

A

like bellows

35
Q

describe the contraction of the L ventricle

A

like squeezing a toothpaste bottle

36
Q

which valve closes first: mitral or tricuspid?

A

mitral

37
Q

which valve opens first? pulmonary or aortic valve?

A

pulmonary valve (this is just because the pressure in the pulmonary artery is less)

38
Q

describe the 1st heart sound

A

at the closure of the AV valves “lub”

39
Q

describe the 2nd heart sound

A

at the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves “dub”

40
Q

describe the 3rd heart sound

A

diastolic filling “gallop”-recoil of the ventricles that have limited compliance
particularly evident in children

41
Q

describe the 4th heart sound

A

atrial contraction “gallop”; usually pathogenic

42
Q 
for sympathetic stimulation define each of the parameters:
transmitter
receptor
secondary messenger
functional result
A

transmitter: norepi
receptor: beta 1 on pacemaker and myocytes
secondary messenger: increase cAMP
functional result: tachycardia and increased contractility

43
Q 
for parasympathetic stimulation define each of the parameters:
transmitter
receptor
secondary messagenger
functional result
A

transmitter: acetylcholine
receptor: M2 on pacemakers; minro myocyte effect
secondary messagenger: decreased cAMP
functional result: bradycardia; decreased contractility

44
Q

compare the CO into the aortic and into the pulmonary artery

A

they are the same because the systemic and pulmonary systems are in series

45
Q

when does hypoxia occur?

A

when the CO falls to 1/3 the normal amount

46
Q

list some factors that will increase CO

A 
exercise
fever
anxiety
body weight
pregnancy
hypertyroidism
47
Q

what are some compensatory mechanisms that will cause CO to increase?

A
  • chronic anemia
  • histotoxic hypoxia
  • pulmonary disease with hypoxemia
  • mild inspiratory hypoxia
48
Q

list some factors that would decrease CO

A

aging
severe anoxia
acute hemorrhage
heart disease (body unable to reach the proper CO)

49
Q

if you decrease right atrial pressure, what effect will this have on venous return?

A

it will increase it

50
Q

at normal CO how long should it take the entire blood volume to move around the body?

A

move around the body once/minute

physiology IV (40 decks)

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