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physiology IV > cardiovascular system design > Flashcards

cardiovascular system design Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. contractions of individual cardiac cells must occur at regular intervals and be synchronized
  2. valves must fully open
  3. valves must not leak
  4. muscle contractions must be forceful
  5. ventricles must fill adequately durning diastole
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2
Q

about how many liters are there in the interstitial compartment (internal environment)?

A

12 L

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3
Q

about how many liters are there in the intracellular compartment?

A

30 L

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4
Q

about how many liters are there in the circulating plasma compartment?

A

3 L

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5
Q

out of the kidney, skeletal muscle, liver/GI tract, brain and heart which organ has the highest VO2 (O2 consumption as a percentage)

A

skeletal muscle (about 27%)

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6
Q

out of the kidney, skeletal muscle, liver/GI tract, brain, skin and heart which organ has the lowest VO2 (O2 consumption as a percentage)

A

kidney (about 7%)

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7
Q

at any point in time, what percentage of blood is systemic circulation?

A

~84%

remainder in hear (~7%) and pulmonary vessels (~9%)

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8
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood into?

A

pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

how does re-oxygenated blood return to the L. atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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10
Q

what two valves regulate the entry of blood into systemic circulation?

A

mitral and aortic valves

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11
Q

what two valves regulate the entry of blood into pulmonary circulation?

A

tricuspid and pulmonary valves

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12
Q

define cardiac output

A

quantity of blood per unit time pumped into the aorta by the heart
SV x HR

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13
Q

what is the typical cardiac output for a resting individual?

A

5 L/min

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14
Q

what are the 3 major determinants of stroke volume?

A
  • ventricular preload
  • ventricular afterload
  • myocardial contractility
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15
Q

list 3 factors that can decrease CO

A
  • siting or standing from lying position
  • rapid arrhythmia
  • heart disease
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16
Q

list 5 factors that can increase CO

A
  • anxiety and excitement
  • eating
  • exercise
  • high environmental temp
  • pregnancy
  • epi
17
Q

what does starling’s law state

A

stroke volume increases as end diastole volume increases (other things being constant)

18
Q

define mean arterial pressure

A

the average pressure over the entire cardiac cycle. It is estimated from diastolic pressure and pulse pressure
MAP= CO x TPR

19
Q

define pulse pressure

A

it is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

20
Q

define systolic pressure

A

peak pressure reached during blood ejection from the heart

21
Q

define diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure point during which the heart is filling with blood

22
Q

what is the dichrotic notch

A

it is the small dip caused by the backfilling of the aortic valve as it closes

23
Q

where is the circulatory system is blood pressure the lowest? the highest?

A

the lowest: pulmonary veins

highest: large arteries

24
Q

is taking BP via the ausculatory method considered direct or indirect?

A

indirect

25
Q

how do you measure pulmonary venous and left arterial pressures?

A

need to use pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

26
Q

what is the average pulse pressure in a resting adult?

A

40 mmHG

27
Q

give two equations to calculate pulse pressure

A 
PP= SD-DP
PP= SV/compliance
28
Q

in the short term, how is MAP controlled? how is this accomplished?

A

by altering peripheral resistance and cardiac output

this is accomplished neurally and hormonally

29
Q

how is long term control of MAP achieved?

A

primarily by altering blood volume via the kidneys

30
Q

what is the units for human blood pressure?

A

mercury (because we calculate BP in regards the environmental pressure)

physiology IV (40 decks)

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