Insulin and glucagon

Question 1

Endocrine pancreas- consists of cells that form clusters known as

Answer 1

pancreatic islets of islets of langerhans

Question 2

Alpha cells produce

Answer 2

glucagon

Question 3

Beta cells produce

Answer 3

insulin

Question 4

Delta cells produce

Answer 4

peptide hormone identical to GH-IH (somatostatin)

Question 5

F cells secrete

Answer 5

pancreatic polypeptide (PP) regulates exocrine secretion

Question 6

What happens when glucose levels rise?

Answer 6

• Beta cells secrete insulin, stimulating transport of glucose across plasma
  membrane

Question 7

What happens when glucose cells decline?

Answer 7

Alpha cells release glucagon, stimulating glucose release by liver

Question 8

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 Insulin Dependent diabetes vs Type 2 (non-insulin dependent ) diabetes

Answer 8

Type 1 -Is characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells
- Persons with type 1 diabetes require insulin to live and usually require multiple
injections daily, or continuous infusion through an insulin pump or other device

Type 2 - Most common, Most people with this form of diabetes produce normal amounts of insulin, at least
initially, but their tissues do not respond properly, a condition known as insulin
resistance
- associated with obesity

Question 9

Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes- What medications are used?

Answer 9

Type 2= Metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza,
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) oral medications

Type 1= Sulfonylureas- primary mechanism of action is to close ATP-sensitive K- channels

Question 10

What is metabolic cluster syndrome?

Answer 10

A cluster of conditions — increased blood pressure,
high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal
cholesterol or triglyceride levels — that occur together, increasing your risk
of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.

Question 11

Zoe is a 45-year-old female. She is overweight by about 50 pounds, has
high blood pressure and cholesterol. Her clinician asked about her diet
which consisted of a lot fast foods and sugar drinks. What is she at risk
for?

Answer 11

This is a picture of metabolic syndrome. She is at risk for type II
diabetes, stroke and heart attack.

Question 12

Someone is having an insulin shock, what must be done?

Answer 12

Give glucose

Question 13

Early heart attacks are caused by what?

Answer 13

Degenerative blockages in cardiac circulation can lead to early heart
attacks

Question 14

Peripheral nerve problems are caused by?

Answer 14

Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues is probably responsible for a variety
of neural problems with peripheral nerves, including abnormal autonomic
function

-These disorders are collectively termed diabetic neuropathy