Autoimmune Diseases part 2

Question 1

Breakdown in normal communication
between nerves and skeletal muscles

Answer 1

Myasthenia Gravis causes

Question 2

Risk factors:
 Recent viral infections
 Cancer or leukemia
 Family history

Symptoms:
 Eyes: ptosis, diplopia
 Face/throat: dysarthria, dysphagia, decreased facial expressions
 Neck/limb weakness

Treatment:
 Cholinesterase inhibitors
 Corticosteroids
 Immunosuppressants
 Plasmapheresis
 Intravenous immunoglobulins
 Surgery to remove thymus

Answer 2

Myasthenia Gra vis risk factors, symptoms, treatment

Question 3

Hyperacute Rejection occurs when

Answer 3

blood vessels, (thrombosis)
- mismatch of ABO
- within minutes

Question 4

Acute rejection

Answer 4

n begins as early as one week after transplant, the risk
being highest in the first three months, though it can occur months to
years later.

Question 5

Type 1 Hypersensitivity: Immediate hypersensitivity

Answer 5

 IgE mediated via mast cell
inflammation
 E.g., anaphylactic shock, allergic
rhinitis (“hayfever”), bronchial
asthma

Question 6

Type II: Antibody-mediated
hypersensitivity

Answer 6

 IgG and IgM antibodies formed against cellsurface antigens predispose cells to
phagocytosis/lysis

 E.g., drug interactions, hemolytic disease of newborn, mismatched blood transfusions

Question 7

IgG, IgM, IgA antibodies form antigen-antibody complexes leading to vessel or
tissue injury via complement system’s
inflammatory response
 E.g., autoimmune diseases (lupus, RA

Answer 7

Type III: Immune complex mediated
hypersensitivity

Question 8

 Sensitized cytotoxic and/or helper T cells cause
cell and tissue injury directly
 E.g., contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, TB,
hepatitis

Answer 8

Type IV: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 9

 Rare disorder in which skin and mucous
membranes become significantly
inflamed, presenting like burns.

 Represents a “milder”form of toxic
epidermal necrolysis

 Example of a Type 4 Hypersensitivity
Rejection

Answer 9

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Question 10

 Causes: allergic reactions to medications, viral infections, radiation treatment, UV light
​
 Risk factors: viral infections, immune-compromising diseases,
chronic inflammatory disease, carrying HLA-B12 gene
​
 Example CBZ (Tegertol)

Answer 10

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: Causes, risk factors, Example

Question 11

What are Immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 11

-prevent your body from fighting
infections and diseases.

 This type of disorder makes it easier for you to catch viruses and
bacterial infections.

 Immunodeficiency disorders are either congenital or acquired.

Question 12

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: B cell deficiency

Answer 12

decrease antibody production—>
susceptible to infections in body fluid or respiratory/GI tract

Question 13

impaired ability to organize immune
response
susceptible to fungal, protozoan, viral and intracellular bacteria
infections (e.g., DiGeorge Syndrom]

Answer 13

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: T-cell deficiency:

Question 14

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Combined B and T-cell
deficiency

Answer 14

overall immune response impaired —->
requires bone marrow transplant for surviva