Innate immunity (exam 4)

Question 1

Cheat Sheet slide

Answer 1

2 of innate immunity

Question 2

what is the first line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 2

-skin
-mucous membranes
-normal microbiota

Question 3

what is the second line of defense of innate immunity

Answer 3

-phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages
-inflammation
-fever
-antimicrobial substances

Question 4

what is the third line of defense in adaptive immunity

Answer 4

-specialized lymphoccytes: T cells and B cells
-antibiodiess

Question 5

definition of virulence

Answer 5

a measure of the degree or severity of a disease.

Question 6

purpose of hemolysines

Answer 6

lye red blood cells by using iron and spideraphores

Question 7

purpose of hyaluronidase

Answer 7

helps drug intake thru tissue

Question 8

purpose of coagulase

Answer 8

causes the clotting of blood plasma

Question 9

purpose of streptokinase

Answer 9

dissolves blood clots

Question 10

purpose of DNase

Answer 10

dissolves DNA

Question 11

what attacks the innate immune system and is cell adaptive

Answer 11

leukocidins: cytotoxin created by staph (pore toxin)

Question 12

what are siderophores

Answer 12

made by gram +&- to scavange iron

Question 13

what causes oscillation of phenotypes in salmonella

Answer 13

invertible DNA causes phase variation

Question 14

what enzyme cleaves amino acids peptide bonds

Answer 14

IGA speccific proteases (immunoglobin A)

Question 15

what gram-negative bacteria causes abortions and damages the innate defenses

Answer 15

brucella abortus

Question 16

what is horizontal transmission

Answer 16

gene transfer from one member of a species to another

Question 17

what is vertical transmission

Answer 17

gene transfer from parent to child

Question 18

where are exotoxins secreted and by what

Answer 18

they’re secreted outside the cell by gram-positive and negative bacteria

Question 19

where do endotoxins come from

Answer 19

they come from gram-negative lps and cells must lyes
note: heat stable, cytokine release and can cause death

Question 20

what are cytokines

Answer 20

Interferon, interleukin, and growth factors

Question 21

what causes cytokine storms

Answer 21

superantigens

Question 22

what toxin is a protein synthesis inhibitor

Answer 22

diphtheria note: A-B exotoxin that causes cells to die

Question 23

what toxin over-activates adenylate cyclase

Answer 23

cholera toxin (exotoxin)
note: bacterial protein toxin

Question 24

a cluster of virulence genes that are flanked by plasmids is called what

Answer 24

pathogenicity islands caused by horizontal gene transfer

Question 25

which is more immunogenic and toxic endo or exotoxins

Answer 25

exotoxins (heat liable)

Question 26

what are virulence factors and how are they released

Answer 26

they're molecules that help infect the host cell. they're plasma coded and result of lysogeny

Question 27

A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

Answer 28

macrophages

Question 29

definition of phagocytosis

Answer 29

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

Question 30

what are the three phagocytes

Answer 30

Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

Question 31

what are interferons

Answer 31

they inhibit virus replication

Question 32

how are interferons preduced

Answer 32

by virus infected cells: and and B antiviral. note: species specific

Question 33

what kind of interferon activates neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 33

gamma interferons

Question 34

what kind of immune cells come from bone marrow

Answer 34

B cells

Question 35

what are B cells and what kind of immune response do they cause

Answer 35

white blood cell that makes antibodies (hormonal response)

Question 36

how are T cells produced

Answer 36

they're produced by the thymus

Question 37

what kind of immune response do T cells cause

Answer 37

cellular response

Question 38

what do T cells target

Answer 38

transplants, cancer, virus-infected cells

Question 39

what do B cells target

Answer 39

viruses, bacteria and toxins

Question 40

what process produced B and T cells

Answer 40

colonal selection

Question 41

what produces cytokines

Answer 41

TH1

Question 42

examples of antigen-presenting cells

Answer 42

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 43

examples of cytokines

Answer 43

IL-1, 2 and 12

Question 44

what are monoclonal antibodies produced by

Answer 44

B cells

Question 45

production of B and T cells because of first time exposure to a toxin is what kind of response in immunological memory

Answer 45

primary

Question 46

what kind of response from immunological memory produces memory cells and effector cells

Answer 46

secondary response

Question 47

a blood serum containing antibodies is called what

Answer 47

antiserum

Question 48

conjugated primary antibodies are called what

Answer 48

Direct ELISA

Question 49

unconjugated primary antibodies are called what

Answer 49

indirect ELISA ELISA: tech used to detect antibodies

Question 50

the study of blood serum is called what

Answer 50

serology

Question 51

how do you test for rabies

Answer 51

using fluorescent antibodies

Question 52

the clumping of cells like bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of antibodies or complement is called what

Answer 52

aggulation

Question 53

what test is used to detect antibodies in serum

Answer 53

complement fixation

Question 54

two ways is caused hypersensitivity in the immune system

Answer 54

by effector/regulator imbalance and self reactivity cells.

Question 55

what kind of vaccine uses dead viruses or bacteria

Answer 55

inactivated vaccines

Question 56

vaccines that use weakened versions of the bacteria or virus are called what

Answer 56

attenuated vaccines

Question 57

what kind of vaccine is produced by antigenic fragments produced by recombinant technology

Answer 57

Hep B

Question 58

are there any human DNA vaccines

Answer 58

no

Question 59

how is the RNA vaccine packages

Answer 59

in a lysosome (uses mRNA)

Question 60

what kind of test measured the number of antigens

Answer 60

Ouchterlony test