Innate immunity (exam 4) Flashcards
Cheat Sheet slide
2 of innate immunity
what is the first line of defense in innate immunity
-skin
-mucous membranes
-normal microbiota
what is the second line of defense of innate immunity
-phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages
-inflammation
-fever
-antimicrobial substances
what is the third line of defense in adaptive immunity
-specialized lymphoccytes: T cells and B cells
-antibiodiess
definition of virulence
a measure of the degree or severity of a disease.
purpose of hemolysines
lye red blood cells by using iron and spideraphores
purpose of hyaluronidase
helps drug intake thru tissue
purpose of coagulase
causes the clotting of blood plasma
purpose of streptokinase
dissolves blood clots
purpose of DNase
dissolves DNA
what attacks the innate immune system and is cell adaptive
leukocidins: cytotoxin created by staph (pore toxin)
what are siderophores
made by gram +&- to scavange iron
what causes oscillation of phenotypes in salmonella
invertible DNA causes phase variation
what enzyme cleaves amino acids peptide bonds
IGA speccific proteases (immunoglobin A)
what gram-negative bacteria causes abortions and damages the innate defenses
brucella abortus
what is horizontal transmission
gene transfer from one member of a species to another
what is vertical transmission
gene transfer from parent to child
where are exotoxins secreted and by what
they’re secreted outside the cell by gram-positive and negative bacteria
where do endotoxins come from
they come from gram-negative lps and cells must lyes
note: heat stable, cytokine release and can cause death
what are cytokines
Interferon, interleukin, and growth factors
what causes cytokine storms
superantigens
what toxin is a protein synthesis inhibitor
diphtheria note: A-B exotoxin that causes cells to die
what toxin over-activates adenylate cyclase
cholera toxin (exotoxin)
note: bacterial protein toxin
a cluster of virulence genes that are flanked by plasmids is called what
pathogenicity islands caused by horizontal gene transfer
which is more immunogenic and toxic endo or exotoxins
exotoxins (heat liable)
what are virulence factors and how are they released
they’re molecules that help infect the host cell. they’re plasma coded and result of lysogeny
A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection
neutrophils
specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms
macrophages
definition of phagocytosis
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
what are the three phagocytes
Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
what are interferons
they inhibit virus replication
how are interferons preduced
by virus infected cells: and and B antiviral. note: species specific
what kind of interferon activates neutrophils and macrophages
gamma interferons
what kind of immune cells come from bone marrow
B cells
what are B cells and what kind of immune response do they cause
white blood cell that makes antibodies (hormonal response)
how are T cells produced
they’re produced by the thymus
what kind of immune response do T cells cause
cellular response
what do T cells target
transplants, cancer, virus-infected cells
what do B cells target
viruses, bacteria and toxins
what process produced B and T cells
colonal selection
what produces cytokines
TH1
examples of antigen-presenting cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
examples of cytokines
IL-1, 2 and 12
what are monoclonal antibodies produced by
B cells
production of B and T cells because of first time exposure to a toxin is what kind of response in immunological memory
primary
what kind of response from immunological memory produces memory cells and effector cells
secondary response
a blood serum containing antibodies is called what
antiserum
conjugated primary antibodies are called what
Direct ELISA
unconjugated primary antibodies are called what
indirect ELISA
ELISA: tech used to detect antibodies
the study of blood serum is called what
serology
how do you test for rabies
using fluorescent antibodies
the clumping of cells like bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of antibodies or complement is called what
aggulation
what test is used to detect antibodies in serum
complement fixation
two ways is caused hypersensitivity in the immune system
by effector/regulator imbalance and self reactivity cells.
what kind of vaccine uses dead viruses or bacteria
inactivated vaccines
vaccines that use weakened versions of the bacteria or virus are called what
attenuated vaccines
what kind of vaccine is produced by antigenic fragments produced by recombinant technology
Hep B
are there any human DNA vaccines
no
how is the RNA vaccine packages
in a lysosome (uses mRNA)
what kind of test measured the number of antigens
Ouchterlony test
