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BIOL 303 > Innate immunity (exam 4) > Flashcards

Innate immunity (exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Cheat Sheet slide

A

2 of innate immunity

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2
Q

what is the first line of defense in innate immunity

A

-skin
-mucous membranes
-normal microbiota

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3
Q

what is the second line of defense of innate immunity

A

-phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages
-inflammation
-fever
-antimicrobial substances

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4
Q

what is the third line of defense in adaptive immunity

A

-specialized lymphoccytes: T cells and B cells
-antibiodiess

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5
Q

definition of virulence

A

a measure of the degree or severity of a disease.

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6
Q

purpose of hemolysines

A

lye red blood cells by using iron and spideraphores

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7
Q

purpose of hyaluronidase

A

helps drug intake thru tissue

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8
Q

purpose of coagulase

A

causes the clotting of blood plasma

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9
Q

purpose of streptokinase

A

dissolves blood clots

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10
Q

purpose of DNase

A

dissolves DNA

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11
Q

what attacks the innate immune system and is cell adaptive

A

leukocidins: cytotoxin created by staph (pore toxin)

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12
Q

what are siderophores

A

made by gram +&- to scavange iron

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13
Q

what causes oscillation of phenotypes in salmonella

A

invertible DNA causes phase variation

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14
Q

what enzyme cleaves amino acids peptide bonds

A

IGA speccific proteases (immunoglobin A)

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15
Q

what gram-negative bacteria causes abortions and damages the innate defenses

A

brucella abortus

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16
Q

what is horizontal transmission

A

gene transfer from one member of a species to another

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17
Q

what is vertical transmission

A

gene transfer from parent to child

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18
Q

where are exotoxins secreted and by what

A

they’re secreted outside the cell by gram-positive and negative bacteria

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19
Q

where do endotoxins come from

A

they come from gram-negative lps and cells must lyes
note: heat stable, cytokine release and can cause death

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20
Q

what are cytokines

A

Interferon, interleukin, and growth factors

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21
Q

what causes cytokine storms

A

superantigens

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22
Q

what toxin is a protein synthesis inhibitor

A

diphtheria note: A-B exotoxin that causes cells to die

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23
Q

what toxin over-activates adenylate cyclase

A

cholera toxin (exotoxin)
note: bacterial protein toxin

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24
Q

a cluster of virulence genes that are flanked by plasmids is called what

A

pathogenicity islands caused by horizontal gene transfer

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25
Q

which is more immunogenic and toxic endo or exotoxins

A

exotoxins (heat liable)

26
Q

what are virulence factors and how are they released

A

they’re molecules that help infect the host cell. they’re plasma coded and result of lysogeny

27
Q

A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection

A

neutrophils

28
Q

specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

A

macrophages

29
Q

definition of phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

30
Q

what are the three phagocytes

A

Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

31
Q

what are interferons

A

they inhibit virus replication

32
Q

how are interferons preduced

A

by virus infected cells: and and B antiviral. note: species specific

33
Q

what kind of interferon activates neutrophils and macrophages

A

gamma interferons

34
Q

what kind of immune cells come from bone marrow

A

B cells

35
Q

what are B cells and what kind of immune response do they cause

A

white blood cell that makes antibodies (hormonal response)

36
Q

how are T cells produced

A

they’re produced by the thymus

37
Q

what kind of immune response do T cells cause

A

cellular response

38
Q

what do T cells target

A

transplants, cancer, virus-infected cells

39
Q

what do B cells target

A

viruses, bacteria and toxins

40
Q

what process produced B and T cells

A

colonal selection

41
Q

what produces cytokines

A

TH1

42
Q

examples of antigen-presenting cells

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

43
Q

examples of cytokines

A

IL-1, 2 and 12

44
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies produced by

A

B cells

45
Q

production of B and T cells because of first time exposure to a toxin is what kind of response in immunological memory

A

primary

46
Q

what kind of response from immunological memory produces memory cells and effector cells

A

secondary response

47
Q

a blood serum containing antibodies is called what

A

antiserum

48
Q

conjugated primary antibodies are called what

A

Direct ELISA

49
Q

unconjugated primary antibodies are called what

A

indirect ELISA
ELISA: tech used to detect antibodies

50
Q

the study of blood serum is called what

A

serology

51
Q

how do you test for rabies

A

using fluorescent antibodies

52
Q

the clumping of cells like bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of antibodies or complement is called what

A

aggulation

53
Q

what test is used to detect antibodies in serum

A

complement fixation

54
Q

two ways is caused hypersensitivity in the immune system

A

by effector/regulator imbalance and self reactivity cells.

55
Q

what kind of vaccine uses dead viruses or bacteria

A

inactivated vaccines

56
Q

vaccines that use weakened versions of the bacteria or virus are called what

A

attenuated vaccines

57
Q

what kind of vaccine is produced by antigenic fragments produced by recombinant technology

A

Hep B

58
Q

are there any human DNA vaccines

A

no

59
Q

how is the RNA vaccine packages

A

in a lysosome (uses mRNA)

60
Q

what kind of test measured the number of antigens

A

Ouchterlony test

BIOL 303 (26 decks)

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