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cellular basis of immunity > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive response

A
  • soluble receptors: antibodies

- cell receptors- B/T cells

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2
Q

Innate response

A
  • soluble: complement, pentraxins, collecting, fictions

- cell receptors: TLR, Nod-like etc

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3
Q

immunity requires

A

recognition and elimination- containment

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4
Q

most of the mechanisms against infectious agents

A

are provided by innate immune system

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5
Q

what recognise PAMPs

A

Pattern Recognition receptors

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6
Q

innate responses are

A

activated within hours of contact, but not signify increased by previous exposure

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7
Q

pathogens are capable of

A

-colonising the cytoplasm, intracellular vesicles, intersistital spaces, blood, lymph and epithelial surfaces

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8
Q

first critical barrier is

A

the skin- cuts, abrasions, burns expose body to bacterial, viral and fungal infections that can be fatal

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9
Q

main portals of entry for pathogens

A

-mucosal epithelia of gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts

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10
Q

cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are derived from

A

pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells

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11
Q

immune cell differentiation process

A

1) hematopoietic stem cells divide to produce a progenitor cell with the potential to give rise to all the hematopoietic lineages
2) generation of further progenitor cells committed to progressively narrower ranges of differentiated fates

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12
Q

both WBC and RBC are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells via committed progenitors which give rise to erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages

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13
Q

THE ERYTHROID LINEAGE

A

gives rise to the erythrocytes and to megakaryocyes which shed fragments that form the platelets- that initiate blood clotting

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14
Q

THE MYELOID LINEAGE

A

gives rise to phagocytes and inflammatory cells of innate immunity

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15
Q

THE LYMPHOID LINEAGE

A

gives rise to the T and B cells of the adaptive immune system

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16
Q

activation of innate immune system

A

-invoked either directly by a pathogen, or by the adaptive immune response

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17
Q

indirect activation of the innate immune system

A

a lymphocytes o te adaptive immune system produces antibodies whose variable regions recognise a surface component of the bacterium. A non-variable region of the antibody is then recognised by a receptor of the phagocyte, which in turn is activated to engulf it.
- in this way bacteria that have masked the conserved component can be recognised and destroyed by the innate immune system

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18
Q

opsonin

A

a general term for soluble
components of the immune
system e.g. IgG1 that coat micro-organisms
and stimulate uptake by phagocytes

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19
Q

process of opsonisation

A

1) binding of soluble opsonins to particle
2) particle binding via phagocytic receptor
3) particle engulfment with actin polymerisation
4) interlization
5) fusion of phagosome with primary, secondary granules and lysosomes–> destruction

20
Q

why are phagocytes important

A

1) when they sense PAMPs they release cytokines and chemokines that amplify response to infection (e.g. increasing permeability of blood vessels and recruiting additional cells - inflammatory response)
2) they activate the adaptive immune system e.g. dendritic

21
Q

Ilya Mechnikov

A

discovered phenomenon of phagocytosis

1) observed mobile cells in larvae of starfish
2) introduced small thorns rom tangerine tree which had been prepared as a christmas tree for his children
3) next morning he found the thorns surrounded by the mobile cells
4) he knew that when inflammation occurred in animals, with a vascular blood system- leucocytes escaped from their blood vessels
5) occurred to him that leucocytes might take up and digest the bacteria that get into the body

22
Q

three lineages of the Hematopoietic stem cell lineages

A
  • myeloid
  • lymphoid
  • erythroid
23
Q

myeloid cells are

A

innate

24
Q

name 8 myeloid cells

A
  • mast
  • macrophage
  • dendritic
  • mast
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
25
Q

macrophages and their receptors

A

display an extensive array of receptors that recognise conserve components of micro-organism as well as scavenger receptors that recognise particles released by dead or damage tissue

26
Q

macrophages also have receptors for

A

complement and antibodies

27
Q

TLR2

A

response to peptidoglycan

28
Q

TLR4

A

response to LPS

29
Q

C-type lectin - DC-SIGN

A

mostly dendritic cells- pathogen recognition. ICAM adhesion

30
Q

NK-like C-type lectin- Dectin -1

A

B-glucan receptor

31
Q

SR-A - scavenger (collagenous)

A

phagocytosis of bacteria

32
Q

CD36 (non-collagenous) CD36

A

phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

33
Q

chemotaxis

A

neutrophils are attracted to bacterial chemical products like peptide fMLP

34
Q

fluid matrices contain

A

antibacterial peptides and toxic proteins

35
Q

antibacterial peptides and toxic proteins are..

A

constitutively secreted and further induced in response to cell wall components such as LPS

36
Q

examples of antibacterial peptides found in the lungs and skin

A

B-defensins

37
Q

examples of antibacterial peptides found in the Paneth cells of the intestinal tract

A

a-defensins

38
Q

examples of antibacterial peptides found in the fluids bathing the cornea

A

Lysoszyme

39
Q

what are cathelicidins

A

(another group of antimicrobial defensives) which are produced by activated neutrophils and epithelial cells

40
Q

as well as their antimicrobial activity cathelicidins also …

A

trigger signalling through the formyl peptide receptor

41
Q

the formyl peptide receptor

A

an innate immune recognition element- which aids in the recruitment of neutrophils to the inflammatory site

42
Q

formyl-methionyl peptides are…

A

bacterial peptides

43
Q

give an example of a formyl-methionyl peptide

A

Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)

44
Q

fMLP

A

Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine

45
Q

where are fMLP derived from

A

NH2-terminal extensions of newly synthesised

polypetides

46
Q

FMLP is

A

is a potent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor and is also a macrophage activator.

47
Q

three roles of FMLP

A

(a) released by tissue bacteria,
(b) attract and activate circulating blood leukocytes by binding to specific G protein coupled receptors on these cells, and
(c) thereby direct the inflammatory response to sites of bacterial invasion.

cellular basis of immunity (59 decks)

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