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Cellular basis of immunity > HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

HIV and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

aids stands for

A

acquire immune deficiency syndrome

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2
Q

what causes aids

A

HIH

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3
Q

basic disease causing mechanism of HIV

A

destroys CD4T cells

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4
Q

originally caled

A

GRID

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5
Q

first recognised clinically in US in the

A

1980s in intravenous drug users and gay men who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

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6
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

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7
Q

how many infected per yer in US

A

50,000

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8
Q

how many deaths globally since 1980

A

39 millionn

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9
Q

how many new cases in 2014

A

2 million

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10
Q

how many people receiving ART in 2015

A

15 million

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11
Q

2/4 infected

A

from sub-saharan africa

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12
Q

1/5

A

in asia

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13
Q

vast majority of AIDs is caused by

A

HIV 1

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14
Q

Pneumonocystis pneumoniia

A

is a form of pneumonia caused by yeast-like fungi Pneumocystis jirovecii

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15
Q

Pneumocystis is commonly found

A

in the lungs of healthy people

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16
Q

PCP is a

A

opportunistic pathogen

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17
Q

where is PCP especially seen

A

people with cancer, undergoing chemo

HIC/AIDS

Immunosuppressants

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18
Q

where did HIV-1 originate from

A

southern cameroon

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19
Q

what dud HIV-1 originate from

A

simian immunodeficiency virus

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20
Q

simian immunodeficiency virus

A

is a retrovirus

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21
Q

how was SIV introduced into humans

A

through bushmeat activities with

subsequent mutation into HIV

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22
Q

transmission of disease from one species to another requires

A

one or more high-risk transmission channels for human to human spread

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23
Q

what channel was created (absent prior to 20th century)

A

growth of colonial african cities- societal changes such as prostitution

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24
Q

advent of prostitution lead to

A

increased frequency of STDs (genital ulcers e..g syphilis) that allowed sexually transmitted infection

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25
Q

earliest document case of HIV

A

1959

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26
Q

though to have been in the US as early as

A

1966

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27
Q

origin of aids pandemic traced back to

A

1920s in Kinshasa (congo)

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28
Q

structure of HIV

A
  • lipid membrane
  • docking glycoproteins
  • transmembrane glycoproteins
  • HLAClass I, DR
  • HLAClass II, DR
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29
Q

docking glycoprotein

A

gp120

30
Q

transmembrane glycoprotein

A

gp41

31
Q

HLA-DR

A

human leukocyte antigen- antigen D related

32
Q

HLA-DR act as a

A

ligand for T cell receptors

33
Q

name three ways in which HIV can enter via epithelial cells

A

1) through M cells
2) can gain access via epithelia damaged by ulcerative infection or by trauma
3) Chemokine receptors

34
Q

HIV access through M cells

A

prevalent in tonsil and rectal epithelia

35
Q

gain access via epithelia damaged

A

by ulcerative infections, or by trauma or injection (i.v. drug use or blood transfusion)

36
Q

vaginal epithelia lack

A

M cells

37
Q

Epithelial cells in small intestine express

A

CCR5, chemokine receptors

38
Q

how does HIV gain access by binding to CCR5

A

binds to CCR5 (once tethered by
galactosylceramide) via the viral envelope
glycoprotein gp120 and the virus is transcytosed

39
Q

HIV transport to the lymph nodes

A

Once HIV has managed to cross epithelial barriers, HIV encounter sub-epithelial dendritic cells

40
Q

which type of receptor on the dendrite cell binds to HIV

A

C-type lectin receptor- bind gp120 glycoprotein on viral envelope

41
Q

interaction with c-type lectin receptor intiitaes

A

dendritic migration to regional lymph nodes

42
Q

one in the lymph nodes

A

intax virus internalised with C-type lectin receipts is re-exposed at the surface and displayed to T cells

43
Q

where is the predominant site of virus replication early in the disease

A

small intestine- this reflects the large number of activated T cells that express CCR5 in that organ

44
Q

entry of HIV into cells is mediated by

A

viral envelope glycoprotein- gp120

45
Q

HIV binds to

A

CD4 and chemokine receptors on host surfaces

46
Q

what does gp41 on the envelope of HIV do

A

mediates fusion of

the virus envelope with the host cell membrane

47
Q

HIV infection cycle

A

1) gp120 on viral envelope binds to CD4 receptor on host membrane
2) gp41 mediates fusion of HIV with host cell membrane
3) contents of virus empties into cell
4) reverse transcription of viral genome
5) viral cDNA integrated into genome
6) transcribed and translated into a new HIV vision
7) forms at cel membrane and buds
8) matures

48
Q

a wave of viral proliferation in lymph nodes

A

peaks 4-7 days after infection

49
Q

virmeia peaks at

A

14 day

50
Q

all lymphoid tissues infected

A

by 3 weeks

51
Q

HIV is quiescent in resting CD4 T cells but..

A

on T cell activation virus production is also activated and the host cell dies

52
Q

> 99% of virus

A

is produced by newly infected CD4 t cells

53
Q

what happens as a result of loss of helped activities

A

loss of cytotoxic T cell response

loss of antibody response of B cells

54
Q

sympotms

A

flu-like illness from days to weeks after exposure

55
Q

flu-like illness from days to weeks

after exposure

A

associated with a drop of CD4 T cells in the blood

56
Q

what is responsible for a prolonged period of stable virmeia

A

CD4-dependent antiviral cytotoxic CD8 T cell response - viral set point

57
Q

patients are normally asymptomatic until

A

CD4 T cell count declines further

58
Q

opportunistic infections begin

A

when CD4 T cell counts reach levels of <200ul

59
Q

death ensues about

A

2 year after

60
Q

aids causes increased risk of

A

microbial infection

61
Q

example of a brain infection

A

cryptococcal meningitis

62
Q

eye infection

A

cytomegalovirus

63
Q

mouth and throat

A

cadndidiasis

64
Q

lung

A

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and TB

65
Q

gut

A

cytomegalovirus

66
Q

skin

A

herpes

shingles

67
Q

genitals

A

genital herpes

vaginal candidiasis

68
Q

which fungus causes cryptococcal meningitis

A

cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus atti

69
Q

cryptococcal meningitis

A

usually affect immune-compromised patients

70
Q

how many cases of cryptococcal meningitis world wide

A

950,000

71
Q

how many deaths by cryptococcal meningitis

A

600,000 (70% in sub-saharan)

Cellular basis of immunity (59 decks)

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