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Cellular basis of immunity > Foreign activators > Flashcards

Foreign activators Flashcards

1
Q

what are foreign activators

A

non-self molecules (which originate outside the body), recognised by the immune system

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2
Q

example of FAs

A

microbes, allergens, foreign tissue

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3
Q

foreign activators are not

A

small like other chemical

- molecules with a size less than several thousand daltons are poorly recognised

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4
Q

which type of FAs are recognised well

A

proteins and polysaccharides

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5
Q

how does the immune system recognise FAs

A

receptors

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6
Q

example of FA and receptor interactionn

A

APC initially comes into contact with FA- presenting it on its surface to a T ell, which produces cytokines

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7
Q

cytokines work by

A

switching on other immune cels

making other cells more effective

signals to other parts of the immune system to signal in certain ways

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8
Q

when the immune system fails

A

consequence of immune system not recognising FAs

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9
Q

what if the immune system over responds to self or non self antigens

A

e.g. autoimmune diseases or sepsis

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10
Q

when the immune system fails to respond

A

e.g. AIDs

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11
Q

two arms of Immune system

A

innate

adaptive

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12
Q

innate immunity

A
  • epithelial barriers

- phagocytes, dendritic cells, complement, NK cells

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13
Q

adaptive immuntity

A
  • B cells- antibodies

- T cells - effector T cells

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14
Q

I and A systems are

A

constantly talking to eachother

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15
Q

in both arms of the immune system FAs are recognised by

A

receptors

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16
Q

innate immune response occurs within

A

a few hours or days after exposure to FA

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17
Q

examples of innate receptors

A

soluble receptors
- secreted from cells found in the blood, plasma, lymph, mucosal section
cell surface receptors
- found on macrophages neutrophils, lymphocytes ad other somatic cells

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18
Q

innate receptors are

A

encoded in germline- limited diversity

- a finite list of antigens can be recognised

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19
Q

innate receptors typically only

A

recognise structures common to different molecules e.g. LPS in gram neg bacteria

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20
Q

Adaptive receptors are much

A

more powerful, focused and targeted

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21
Q

Cell surface receptors of adaptive system

A
  • T and B cells

-

22
Q

soluble receptors of adaptive

A

blood, plasma, lymph, mucosal secretions

23
Q

adaptive receptors typically

A

recognise structures unique to different molecules

24
Q

Innate receptors recognise

A

PAMPs- recognised to PRR

25
Q

although the innate system can only react to a certain number of common FAs

A

this enables it to act quickly

26
Q

examples of FAs which the innate can respond to

A
  • cell wall components= peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, phospholipomannans
  • nucleic acids e.g. viruses
  • flagellin
  • conserved stress proteins
  • -> NOT FOUND IN HUMANS
27
Q

examples innate soluble receptors

A
  • natural antibodies
  • comlement
  • pentraxins
  • collectins
  • ficolins
28
Q

examples of innate cell receptors

A

TLR
Nod-Like receptors
Rig like receptors
C Type lectin like receptors

29
Q

How is self recognition avoided

A

-innate system tends to recognised molecules which are never found in mammals e.g. lipopolysaccharide, phospholipomannans, peptidoglycan etc

30
Q

Toll like receptors structure

A

extracellular domain (ligand recognition) and intracellular domain (signalling)

31
Q

process of TLR activation

A

1) recognition of bacterial molecule by TLR (by horseshoe part)
2) dimerisation of the TLR
3) signalling and inflammatory response e.g. NF-kB

32
Q

if too many TLRs become activated

A

sepsis- one balancing act

33
Q

receptors are also involved in signalling betwen

A

cells of the immune system

34
Q

cytokines

A

chemical signals that reg the immune system

35
Q

sepsis

A

consequence of infection by microorganism, systemic overwhelming infection, causes coalition of blood- over production of signals)
- positive feedback loop

36
Q

why was the Spanish flu so devastating and mainly affected 20/30 yr olds

A

due to their bodies having the strongest immune system- over reactive immune system and cytokines causing mortality

37
Q

example of experimental drug which was intended to activate T cells

A

TGN1412- an antibody ro CD28 on T cells.

  • when it reached human trials many people became unwell even at 500 the concentration
  • had been tolerated well by the weaker immune system of animals
38
Q

an adaptive receptors recognise..

A

antigens that are unique to an individuals pathogen

- takes time to develop and mature but can provide a vy powerful protective response

39
Q

antibodies

A

soluble receptors of adaptive immune system

40
Q

most common types of proteins recognised by adaptive immune system

A

proteins and polysaccharides

41
Q

the adaptive immune system has …… than the innate

A

less of a requirement for a panel of diff receptors

42
Q

types of adaptive soluble receptors

A

natural antibodies, compliment, pentraxins, collecting, folicins

43
Q

where does the myriad of antibodies each specific for a diff epitope come from?

A
  • b- cell possesses gene for one antibody type that recognises one epitope
44
Q

diff antibodies recognise

A

diff epitopes

45
Q

different antibodies are produced via

A

random recombination of germ cells

46
Q

antibodies are the most important

A

soluble receptorefector

47
Q

how is self-recognition avodided

A

-clonal deletion eliminates self-recognition by the adaptive response

48
Q

where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

49
Q

how does clonal deletion ensure self-recognition is avoided

A

bone marrows mature in the bone marrow, where self antigens are present
- B cells which produce antibodies against these antigens (epitopes) are deleted

50
Q

adaptive system receptors have potentially

A

infinite adaptability to recognise discrete features

Cellular basis of immunity (59 decks)

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