Inland Water Flashcards
What is NFPA 1006?
Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications
pg.1
What is NFPA 1670?
Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
pg1
Define Boil Line?
the area where the current splits direction of flow .
pg.2
“This feature is evident downstream of low head dam type hydraulic. The boil line marks the area where the current splits direction of flow. The lighter aerated water further up- stream is moving back towards the hydraulic while the darker water is moving downstream”
Define Confluence wave?
2 separate flows meet
pg.2
“Formed when two separate flows meet”
Define Current Flow?
Water flows in a straight line until it’s come into contact with an object
pg.2
“The flow of the water tends to travel in a straight line (vector) until it comes into contact with an object, shore, or bank. The current does not always follow the shoreline due to this straight movement.
Define Downstream?
Direction of water flow
pg.2
“Direction the water is flowing”
Define Downstream V?
Water thats pushed through a narrow gap causes the level to rise forming a chute or tongue
pg.2
“Water being pushed through a narrowing gap causes the level to rise up forming a chute or a tongue. This indicates the deepest part of a channel and is where a rescuer should swim and/or bring a boat.
Define Downstream Safety?
Personnel operating downstream of the incident, ensureing safety/egress for victims and providers.
pg.2
“Personnel/crew assigned to operate downstream of incident. These units ensure the safety of both the rescuers and victims by providing egress from the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) area. Crews should have appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and resources available to include radios and throw bags.”
Define Eddy?
Reversal of water flow from downstream to upstream
pg.2
“A reversal of water flow from downstream to upstream, caused by negative pressure void formed by passing water. The water actually flows back upstream towards the object and is considered a SAFE area while boating or swimming.”
Define Eddy Fence?
Line of swirls caused by Eddy reversal and downstream flow
pg.2
“Line of swirls caused by the reversal of the eddy and the downstream flow of the water. The friction between the two currents causes a spiraling effect in the water that can be sufficient enough to drag a swimmer under water or flip a boat. This line is usually evident by sight.”
Define Ferry?
How a boat moves across a river without moving downstream
pg.3
“The process by which a boat moves across the river without moving down stream”
Define Ferry angle?
Using the force of the water to assist with movement.
pg.3
“Using the force of the water to assist the movement of a boat or a swimmers body to the target. Maintaining a 45 degree angle to the current a swimmer or boat can traverse the water with less difficulty.”
Define Flood Channel?
Artificial channel used to move water away from urban area.
pg.3
“An artificial channel used to move floodwater away from an urban area. These channels are normally designed as a part of the storm water removal system. The current in this channel may be up to twice the speed as the main current.”
Define Foot Entrapment?
A person’s lower extremity becomes entrapped while operating in moving water.
pg.4
“When a person’s lower extremity becomes entrapped while operating in moving water. The force of the water pushes the person’s body downstream of the entrapped body part not allowing removal without assistance. The person’s airway becomes compromised and drowning will result unless immediate action is taken to secure airway and rescue the victim.”
Define Frowning Hole?
Keeps objects or persons in place due to nature of shape
pg.4
“This feature is evident by the points on the outside of the hole facing towards you if looking at the hole from up-stream. If you mentally flip the whole up towards you it makes a frown. This hole will tend to hold a rescuer due to the nature of its shape. Since there is a reversal of flow as with all hydraulics, the rescuer will be kept in the bottom of the arc until swimming out and/or rescued.”
Define Helical Flow?
Circular swirls resulting from fiction alongside the shore. Draws water from shoreline towards main current flow.
pg.5
“As water passes along the sides of the shore it creates circular swirls resulting from friction. This helical pattern lends itself towards drawing water from the shoreline and pulling it in towards the main current flow in the center. This is the reason that anyone within 10 feet of the water’s edge must wear a personal flotation device (PFD).”
Define Hydraulic?
Water pouring over an underwater feature creating a void thats filled by opposite traveling water
pg.5
“(smiling hole, frowning hole, low head) Water pouring over an underwater feature creating a void that will be backfilled by water traveling the opposite direction (upstream). This also creates a recirculation effect and the water becomes aerated by this churning. A boil line is usually evident downstream of the hydraulic and indicates the line where the water is flowing downstream yet again.”
Define Hydraulic Effect?
A movement of water caused by pressure.
pg.5
Define Inside Bend?
Opposite shore to the outside bend. Debris and objects can collect here. Water tends to be moving slower.
pg.5
“The opposite shore to the outside bend is where water tends to be moving slower. Objects and debris can accumulate in these areas. In high water, strong eddies may be present.”
What is the Hot Zone?
In or over the water/ice is considered the IDLH
pg.6
“in or over the water/ice is considered IDLH. Appropriate PPE is required. It is recommended that only Technician level personnel operate in the Hot Zone.”
Define Laminar Flow?
Water forms in layers starting from the bottom. Each layer moves faster than the last.
pg.5
“Water moves in layers, one upon the other from the bottom. Each subsequent layer moves faster than the last. Therefore, the top layer of water is moving slower than that of the bottom.”
Define Low Head Dam?
Extremely danegrous and should be avoided. Due to the nature of the shape rescuers/victims will be recyled roughly in the same space unless rescued.
pg.6
“This feature is evident by the perpendicular line formed if looking at the hole from up-stream. This hole will tend to keep recycling the rescuer/victim in and out due to the nature of the shape. Since the reversal is perpendicular to the face of the object, the rescue/victim will be continually recycled through the hydraulic coming up in roughly the same location each time until rescued. These are killing machines and should be avoided.”
Who’s recommended to operate in the Hotzone?
Technician Level personnel.
pg.6
“in or over the water/ice is considered IDLH. Appropriate PPE is required. It is recommended that only Technician level personnel operate in the Hot Zone.”
Are PFD’s required in the warm zone?
yes
pg.6
“within 10 feet of the water/ice, if conditions warrant the distance can be increased. This area is also dangerous and PFD’s are required. Operations Level personnel and below can operate in the Warm Zone.”
What is the warm zone?
Within 10 feet of water/ice or IDLH. If needed distance can be increased.
pg.6
“within 10 feet of the water/ice, if conditions warrant the distance can be increased. This area is also dangerous and PFD’s are required. Operations Level personnel and below can operate in the Warm Zone.”
Who can operate in the warm zone?
Operations Level personnel and below.
pg.6
“Operations Level personnel and below can operate in the Warm Zone.”
What is the distance of the cold zone?
greater than 10 feet
pg.6
“greater than 10 feet from the water/ice. Any untrained personnel operate in the cold zone.”
Define Outside Bend?
Where the current strikes a bank or shore of a water-way at a turn.
pg.7
“Where the current strikes a bank or shore of a water-way at a turn. The shore can to be undercut and/or eroded with water moving at a steady pace tends to force swimmer or boat into shore.”
Define Pillow?
Where water meets an object and pushes water above water line.
pg.7
“Where water meets an object and pushes water above water line. Water will push off to either side with a probable eddy on the opposite side downstream.”
Define Reaction Wave?
Rising of water due to encountering underwater object.
pg.7
“Rising of water due to encountering object underwater. Not quite enough to form an upstream V or a hydraulic. These small bumps give us warning while operating a boat and/or swimming.”
Define River left?
“The left side or river bank, looking downstream”
pg.7
Define River right?
“The right side or river bank, looking downstream”
Define Safe Swimming Position?
Swimmer is on his back with feet at surface pointing downstream. This is a safe or defensive swimming position. reduces foot entrapment.
pg.7
“A safe or defensive swift water swimming position, in which the swimmer is positioned on their back with feet at the surface pointing downstream. This reduces the risk of foot entrapment and allows the swimmer to defend them against smashing into objects.”
Define Smiling Hole?
This hole will tend to spit a rescuer out due to the nature of its shape.
pg.7
“This feature is evident by the points on the outside of the hole going away from you if looking at the hole from up-stream. If you mentally flip the whole up towards you it makes a smile. This hole will tend to spit a rescuer out due to the nature of its shape. Since there is a reversal of flow as with all hydraulics, the rescuer will be forced out the bottom of the hole to the right or left.”
Define Standing Wave?
A wave formed at the base of a downstream V
pg.8
“Formed at the base of a downstream V due to channeling of the water into the chute/tongue. These waves are key to acknowledging the presence of a chute while in water swimming. Depending on amount and speed of water will determine size of waves.”
Define Strainer?
Object or structure that allows water to pass but not rescuer.
pg.9
“Object or structure that allows water to pass through but not rescuer. Examples (but not limited to): trees, fencing, cars/trucks, culvert/bridges with debris accumulated on upstream side, barbed wire, and guard rails.”
What are the dangers of an undercut?
They can hold a rescuer underwater creating a drowning hazard.
pg.9
“These should be avoided! These can hold a rescuer under water and/or force rescuer into hole creating a drowning hazard.”
Define Undercut?
Water meets an object that is undercut or has a narrow hole through it.
pg.9
“Where water meets an object that is undercut or has a narrow hole through object. The water will either be at water level or slightly dipping below indicating the presence of the undercut. These should be avoided! These can hold a rescuer under water and/or force rescuer into hole creating a drowning hazard.”
Define Upstream?
“Direction from which water is coming.”
pg.9
What is an Upstream spotter?
Personnel assigned to watch for incoming hazards that may affect the incident.
pg.9
“Personnel assigned to watch for incoming hazards that can directly affect the incident. Units should be located a sufficient distance upstream of the incident to afford adequate reflex time.”
What is an Upstream V?
An indicator that an object is under the water.
pg.10
“Indicate an object under the water. The speed and the depth of the water flowing over the object will need to be taken into account to determine the location. The object could be directly under the V or further upstream. Caution should be used when either swimming and/or using boat-based rescues.”
Victim Recognition Chart
Define Swift Water?
Any body of water with a consistent direction of flow.
pg.11
“fast-moving with identifiable hydraulics features. For the purpose of this manual, any body of water with a consistent direction of flow will be considered swift water, excluding waterways such as the lower tidal Potomac River.”
Define Flood Water?
Water flow and hazards where water isn’t normally.
pg.11
“variation of a water flow and hazards where water is not normally present.”
Hazards and Challenges
What is the Phase 1 response plan?
Flood watch.
pg.15
What is the Phase 2 response plan?
Flood Warning
pg.15
What is the Phase 3 response plan?
Action Phase
pg.15
The initial victim location or point last seen should be identified from where?
The shore
pg.20
“Due to the change in the surface ice characteristics during an ice rescue operation (breaking ice and increasing the size of the hole in the ice), the initial victim location or point last seen should be identified from the shore. This will assist the dive team in rescue and recovery if the victim(s) submerges.”
SWEEP SEARCH PATTERN
“Flat water or land search. Rescuers line up at designated start point on search grid/map and proceed along a straight line with fixed distance in between each person. Once the end of the search area is reached, the lead will direct one of the ends to stand fast and others will line up to search grid in the other direction. The lead will stay back to keep everyone in sight and maintain orientation with map. Distance between rescuers will be dictated by terrain, weather, and other incident conditions. Search continues until assigned grid is completed, victim found or another assignment is ready.”
DOUBLE BACK SEARCH PATTERN
Pg.28
“Flat water or land search technique. A rescuer(s) walks out a fixed distance, executes a 90° turn then walk a fixed distance to form the top of a mini-grid. Then through a series of switchbacks, they search the area slowly working their way back to origin/starting point. Overlap on each pass will be determined on visibility. This can be used on and/shore/water with multiple searches at same time. It is important that the lead keeps track of teams and start points to ensure no area missed and overlap occurs.”
Minimum Swift Water Boat Recommendations
pg.32
The NOVA region helmet color scheme is as follows:
pg.34
What is the OK hand symbol?
A hand on top of the head
pg.36
What is the STOP hand symbol?
2 raised fist
pg.36
What is the VICTIM RECOVERED hand symbol?
Arms crossed in a X. Wakanda 4ever
pg.37
What is the TIGHTEN hand symbol?
rotate pointer finger upwards
pg.37
What is the SLACK hand symbol?
rotate pointer finger downwards
pg.37
