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PA30287 > Inhalable therapeutic aerosols > Flashcards

Inhalable therapeutic aerosols Flashcards

1
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

A relatively stable suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium

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2
Q

What do aerosol aerodynamic properties depend on?

A

size, shape and density

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3
Q

What 3 shapes do aerosols come in?

A

Spherical
Fibrous
Aggregates

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4
Q

What is the definition of pharmaceutical aerosols?

A

Colloidal systems of very finely subdivided liquid or solid pharmaceutical active particles dispersed in and surrounded by a gas

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5
Q

What 6 factors control drug delivery to the lung?

A 
Formulation
Device
Patient activation
Lung deposition
Dissolution
Absorption
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6
Q

The majority of harmful particles are what size?

A

3 microns or less

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7
Q

What is the main extrinsic cause of asthma?

A

House-dust mite faeces

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8
Q

What are the advantages of using inhalation therapy for local delivery?

A

Drug delivered directly to site of action
Drug action onset is rapid
Less drug in systemic circulation
Lower doses required

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9
Q

What are the advantages of inhalation therapy for systemic delivery?

A

Extensive blood supply gives potential for rapid absorption into systemic circulation
Avoids first pass metabolism
Increased bioavailability

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10
Q

What size particles deposit in alveoli?

A

0.5-2 microns

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11
Q

What size particles deposit in the bronchus?

A

2-7microns

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12
Q

What size particles deposit in the trachea?

A

7-10microns

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13
Q

What 3 factors control aerosol deposition?

A

Aerosol properties
Mode of inhalation
Patient relating factors

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14
Q

Impaction occurs for particles of what size?

A

> 10microns

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15
Q

Sedimintation occurs for particles of what size?

A

2-3microns

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16
Q

Diffusion occurs for particles of what size?

A

<1micron

17
Q

What is inertial impaction?

A

Impaction caused by the tendency of particles to continue to move in a straight line

18
Q

Inertial impaction perdominately occurs for what?

A

Large particles when the gas airstream is fast, changing direction or turbulent

19
Q

Where does inertial impaction mainly occur?

A

Oropharynx, larynx or at bifurcations

20
Q

What is gravitational sedimentation dependent on?

A

Terminal settling velocity of particle

21
Q

When does gravitational sedimentation occur?

A

Where air velocity in respiratory tract is low and residence time is high

22
Q

What is diffusion (Brownian motion)?

A

Particles bombarded by air molecules giving rise to a ‘random walk’

23
Q

When is difffusion dominant?

A

As particle size approaches the mean free path of the air molecules

24
Q

What can improve diffusion deposition efficiency?

A

High residence time (Breath holding)

25
Q

What is interception?

A

Deposition where particles contact walls

26
Q

What is electrostatic deposition?

A

Charge particles repel-increase in migration towards airway walls

27
Q

The world market for asthma drugs is expected to exceed what by 2015?

A

$25 billion

28
Q

What are the 3 main types of inhalable devices?

A

pMDI
DPI
Nebuliser

29
Q

What is the aim of nebulisers?

A

Reproducibly deliver correct dose to site of action with minumum waste

30
Q

Many nebulisers deliver as little as what of the target dose?

A

10%

31
Q

What was the dominant nebuliser system on the market pre 2000?

A

Pneumatic nebulisers

32
Q

What are the 4 componenets of pneumatic nebulisers?

A

Disposable unit
Compressor
Interfaces
Valves/holding chamber

33
Q

What are the pros and cons of pneumatic nebulisers?

A 
Cheap
Small particle sizes
Variable performance
Dead volume
Lower output
Portability
34
Q

What are the components of high frequency ultrasonic nebulisers?

A 
Electronic power source
Liquid reservoir
Synthetic piezoelectric ceramic disc
Air fan
Mouthpiece
35
Q

What are the pros and cons of ultrasonic nebulisers?

A 
Reproducible
Small particle size
High output
Small and quiet
Low aerosol inertia
Size increase at end of life
Expensive 
Heats solution to 40degC
Poor for suspensions

PA30287 (17 decks)

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