infectious disease Flashcards
1
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illnesses caused by the invasion of the human body by pathogen and microorganisms, producing harmful and potentially lethal consequenses
A
infectious diseases
2
Q
organisms so small they are invisible to the naked eye, can only be seen with a microscope. can be pathogens or non-pathogens
A
microorganisms
3
Q
the presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism with subsequent injury to the host
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infection
4
Q
the ability of an organism to enter, multiply, and survive in a host
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infectivity
5
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any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another organism
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host
6
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the act of establishing a presence within a host
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colonization
7
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the disease producing potential of an invading organism
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virulence
8
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an organism so virulent that it is rarely found in the absence of disease
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pathogen
9
Q
a multitude of non-harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body
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microflora
10
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free living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in the environment
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saprophytes
11
Q
an organism which produces an infectious disease only when the health and immunity of the host have been severely compromised
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opportunistic pathogen
12
Q
the multitude of non-harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body acquire survival needs from the host, but the host is not adversely affected.
A
commensalism
13
Q
the skin, nose, pharynx, mouth, colon, rectum, vagina, distal urethra, and perineum are the locations of what?
A
normal flora
14
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an interaction in which colonizing organism and host both derive benefits
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mutualism
15
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an interaction in which a colonizing organism benefits and the host sustains injury
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parasitic
16
Q
protein particles that lack any kind of demonstrable genetic material. aggregate in the brain and form plaques
A
prions
17
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mutated forms of a normal host protein, may affect other normal proteins and alter them
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prions
18
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organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: tiny gram negative bacteria that lives inside a host cell.
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rickettsia
19
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organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: transmitted by insect vectors and cause diseases, rash, and small hemorrhages
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rickettsia
20
Q
organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: primitive organism related to bacteria that lack many of the enzymes needed for metabolic process
A
chlamydia
21
Q
organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: causes a very common sexually transmitted infection which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
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chlamydia
22
Q
organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: causes Q fever, and illness that presents with flu-like symptoms, and cause progress to become systemic affecting the heart, lungs, and GI
A
coxiella
23
Q
organism that combines the characteristics of viruses and bacteria: commonly causes pneumonia, lacks a cell wall, therefore are not affected by antimicrobial drugs
A
mycoplasmas
24
Q
free living eukaryotic saprophytes found in every habitat on heart
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fungi
25
type of fungi: single celled organisms about the size of RBCs, produce asexually through a budding process
yeast
26
type of fungi: grow in long filaments called hyphae
molds
27
members of the animal kingdom that infect and cause disease in other animals
parasite
28
organisms including protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods
parasite
29
study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious disease in human population
epidemiology
30
number of new disease cases
incidence
31
number of active disease cases at any given time
prevalence
32
the host, object, location, or substance from which an infectious agent is acquired
source of infection
33
acquired from the host's own microbial flora
endogenous
34
acquired from sources in the external environment
exogenous
35
transfer of microbes by physical contact
contact transmission
36
microbes are spread across a short distance (less than one meter) by small amounts of fluid (like sneezes or coughs)
droplet transmission
37
microbes are transmitted by air currents along long distances (more than one meter)
airborne transmission
38
animals, or biting arthropods, transmitting microbes to humans
vector born transmission
39
infection is transmitted by a contaminated source (food, water, etc.)
vehicle born transmission
40
location-based infections acquired during hospitalization, or from a health care facility
nosocomial infections
41
location-based infections acquired outside of health care settings
community acquired infections
42
the process by which a pathogen enters the body and gains access to susceptible tissue
portal of entry
43
any disruption in the integrity of the body's surface barrier
penetration
44
pathogens transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes
direct contact
45
entry of infectious agent occuring through the oral cavity and GI tract
ingestion
46
entry of infectious agents through the respiratory tract
inhalation
47
the part of the body that is infected
site of infection
48
infection occurring in one body part
local infection
49
infection occurring in the whole body
systemic/generalized infection
50
the capability of a microorganism to cause disease
pathogenicity
51
the degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen
virulence
52
invasive qualities, toxic qualities, adherence to tissue, and ability to avoid host defences are the basis for what?
virulence
53
the collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the diasease course
symptomatology
54
the process of a disease making its way though your system
disease course
55
phase of disease course: pathogen begins active replication without producing symptoms
incubation period
56
phase of disease course: initial appearance of symptoms
prodromal stage
57
phase of disease course: the host experiences maximum impact of the infectious process
acute stage
58
phase of disease course: containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms
convalescent stage
59
phase of disease course: total elimination of pathogen from the body with no residual signs or symptoms
resolution stage
60
continuous signs and symptoms for months or years without a convalescent stage
chronic infection
61
progresses from infection to resolution without clinically apparent symptoms
subclinical/subacute illness
62
prodrodmal phase is gradual
insidious
63
abrupt onset of illness with little or no prodromal phase
fulminant
64
history, physical examination, culture, and serology are the basis of what?
diagnosis
65
antimicrobial agent, immunotherapy, and surgical intervention are the basis of what?
treatment
66
microscopic, single celled organisms that live in every conceivable environment
bacteria
67
how can bacteria cause disease?
producing toxins, invading tissue, or both
68
different types of bacteria within a species are referred to as what?
strains
69
the most common "stain" treatment to classify bacteria
Gram Stain
70
gram-positive bacteria turns what colour when stained?
purple
71
gram-negative bacteria turns what colour when stained?
pink
72
the three basic shapes of bacteria
spheres, rods, spirals
73
term for spherical bacteria
cocci
74
term for rod bacteria
bacilli
75
term for spiral bacteria
spirillum
76
classification of bacteria, needs oxygen to live and grow
aerobes
77
classification of bacteria, lives without oxygen
anaerobes
78
classification of bacteria, can live with or without oxygen
faculative
79
structure of bacteria that protects it and provides a specific shape
outer ridge cell wall
80
structure located inside the cell wall, controls movement of nutrients, other materials, and metabolic processes
cell membrane
81
structure found on some bacteria outside the cell wall
external capsule
82
long "whips" attached to some bacterial cell walls to provide motillity
flagella
83
tiny hair-like structures found on some bacteria, usually the gram-negative class
pili/fimbriae
84
latent form of bacteria with a coating that is highly resistant to heat and other adverse conditions
spores
85
bacterial secretion, diffuses through the body
exotoxins
86
bacterial secretion, released when the bacteria dies
endotoxins
87
bacterial secretion, usually secreted by gram-positive bacteria
exotoxins
88
bacterial secretion, found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
endotoxins
89
bacterial secretion, produced by some bacteria and cause damage to host tissue
enzymes
90
bacterial defense: secretion that helps them attach to other bacteria, cells, or body tissues
biofilm
91
bacterial defense: enclosed in a protective barrier, protects from ingestion from macrophages
capsule
92
bacterial defense: found in gram-negative bacteria. protects from the effects of antibiotics, releases endotoxins when disrupted
outer membrane/cell wall
93
bacterial defense: enables bacteria to survive when environmental conditions are difficult, some germinate and become active when reintroduced to a hospitable environment
spores
94
bacterial defense: long thin filaments that project from a cell wall and enable bacteria to move from one place to another
flagella
95
bacterial defense: genetic mutations that provide protection from drugs
antibiotic resistance
96
bacterial disease: comes in over 30 strains. includes pneumonia, boils, and food poisoning
staphylococcal (staph) infections
97
bacterial disease: come in A to G strains, most common arise from A and B
streptococcal (strep) infections
98
bacterial strain: commonly found in throat and skin. spread by person-to-person contact
strep A
99
bacterial strain: causes strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, flesh eating disease
strep A
100
bacterial strain: carried by most people without causing illness, but can cause infection when the immune system is weakened, can be transmitted to newborns from their mothers
strep B
101
bacterial strain: causes UTIs, pneumonia, blood infections
strep B
102
an inflammatory disease that may develop after a strep infection. may affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain.
rheumatic fever
103
disease that may lead to endocarditis. includes fever, abdominal pain, nosebleeds, and cardiac problems
rheumatic fever
104
a serious infection of the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord
bacterial meningitis
105
type of infection that includes things like strep throat
upper respiratory tract infections
106
type of infection that includes bacterial pneumonia and bronchitis
lower respiratory infections
107
infection of the lung parenchyma. the bacteria may be inhaled or enter the lungs through the blood stream
pneumonia
108
infection of the bronchioles, similar signs and symptoms to pneumonia, although is generally less painful
acute bronchitis
109
infectious bacteria with a waxy capsule, caused by mycobacterium tubuculae
tuberculosis
110
infectious bacteria that may remain dormant in the ghon foci, active case begins when the ghon foci rupture
tuberculosis
111
granulomas within the lungs
ghon foci
112
infections of the intestines, some of the causative bacteria include e. cloi, salmonella, vibrio cholera
enteric bacterial infections
113
enteric bacterial infection: most are known as gastroenteritis. symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
salmonella
114
enteric bacterial infection that can lead to typhoid fever
salmonella
115
infectious disease more common in developing countries. symptoms include diarrhea or constipation, high fever, brachycardia, raised red spots on upper chest, and enlargement of the liver and spleen
typhoid fever
116
a common infection with poor hygiene. spread through the fecal-oral route.
shigella
117
bacterial infections that affect the urethra, urinary bladder, ureters, and kidneys
urinary tract infections
118
the most common tick-borne infection in the northern hemisphere. symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, depression, "bulls-eye" rash. rash is not itchy or painful
lyme's disease
119
the smallest obligate intracellular pathogen
viruses
120
pathogen with no organized cellular structure
viruses
121
name for protein coat covering the nucleic acid core of RNA or DNA of a virus
capsid
122
can viruses replicate outside of a living cell?
no
123
nasal/respiratory, oral/gastrointestinal, and bodily fluids are the routes of what kind of infection?
viral
124
response to viral infection: vascular congestion and leakage of exudate
inflammation
125
response to viral infection: collection of lymphocytes in infected tissue
immune response
126
how are viral infections prevented?
immunization
127
acute viral infection that can affect the nervous system, can lead to paralysis
poliomyelitis
128
how can poliomyelitis spread?
contact with infected mucous, phlegm, or feces
129
highly contagious respiratory infection caused by paramyxovirus
rubeola/measels
130
virus that can pass through the placenta to a fetus, can also spread by in haling infected droplets.
rubella (german measels)
131
viral infection spread through saliva, affecting the parotid glands
mumps
132
common, preventable childhood infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus
chicken pox
133
virus that only occurs in people who've had chicken pox
shingles
134
how does the shingles virus usually get activated?
stress
135
mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract
common cold
136
viral infection caused by several different viruses including rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus
common cold
137
viral infection of the lower respiratory tract. varies in severity, and comes in A/B/C types
influenza
138
common cold virus that affects the nose
rhinovirus
139
common cold virus that affects the glands
adenovirus
140
common cold virus that affects the nose, sinus, and upper throat
coronavirus
141
illness caused by a new form of coronavirus. spread by close person-person contact
SARS
142
the most common type of gastrointestinal infection
intestinal flu
143
virus similar to SARS found in Qatar and Saudi Arabia
MERS
144
digestive virus spread through contaminated food and water, as well as the F-O route
intestinal flu
145
viral infection in 2 types, after initial infection stays dormant in nerve cells
herpes simplex
146
type of herpes infection that affects the mouth and skin
type 1
147
type of herpes infection that affects the genitals
type 2
148
virus with more than 100 types, most are harmless and cause warts. usually spread through sexual contact
human papilloma virus
149
infection caused by the Epstein-Bar virus, aka the kissing disease
mononucleosis
150
virus that leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome
human immunodificiency virus
151
diffuse inflammatory disease of the liver caused by several different viruses, comes in A-E types
viral hepatitis
152
form of hepatitis caused by enterovirus
hep A
153
form of hepatitis. acute infection
hep A
154
form of hepatitis spread by contaminated food and water
hep A
155
form of hepatitis spread by contaminated bodily fluids or feces
hep B
156
form of hepatitis with a 2-6 month incubation period
hep B
157
form of hepatitis often becomes chronic and leads to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer
hep C
158
form of hepatitis only present with hep B infection
hep D
159
form of hepatitis that clinically resembles hep A, is transmitted by the F-O route
hep E
160
any infectious condition that is spread through sexual contact
STIs
161
STI caused by HPV
genital warts (condylomata acuminata)
162
genital infection caused by candida albicans
candidiasis (yest infection)
163
STI caused by anaerobic protozoa
trichomoniasis
164
more common STI than gonorrhea, generally asymptomatic in males
trichomoniasis
165
one of the most common STIs in north america, mostly goes untreated due to large lack of symptom-presenting population
chlamydia
166
STI currently considered to be resistant to all known antibiotics. 90% of cases occur in those between 15 and 44 years old
gonorrhea
167
STI caused by treponema pallidum bacteria. has 3 stages
syphilis
168
stage of syphilis, characterized by a lesion on the site of sexual contact
primary
169
stage of syphilis, includes manculopapular rash and possibility of alopecia
secondary
170
stage of syphilis, only 1 in 3 untreated cases result in this stage
tertiary
