Immune system Flashcards
the body system that defends against foreign invaders
immune system
bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign invaders (non-self)
invaders
problematic immune responses, response to an invader is excessive
allergies, hypersensitivities
problematic immune responses, self tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous
auto-immunity
type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye
microbe
a microbe that causes disease
pathogen
something that tends to kill or damage microbes
antimicrobial substance
large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts. can be on self-cells and foreign-cells
antigen
a specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells
epitope
a protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism
antibody
collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease
immune responses
non-specifc immune response that we are born with.
innate response
immune response: rapid and early. always the same
innate response
immune response: primarily reacting to microbes. includes inflammation, fever, etc.
innate response
immune response: relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
innate response
immune response: includes external physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes
innate response
immune response: microbes adapt to it easily, stimulates adaptive responses
innate response
the first line of defense in the immune system
skin and mucous membranes
substance on the skin that forms a protective film that inhibits the growth of certain microbes
sebum
substance that can trap microbes which can then be expectorated or sneezed out of the body
mucous
structures in the nose and respiratory tract that trap and sweep microbes away
hair
fluids that contains lysozyme
tears and saliva
an enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria
lysozyme
immune defense that consists of antimicrobial sumstances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes
second line/internal defences
interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are examples of what?
antimicrobial sumstances
immune response. develops with exposure to various organisms and substances
adaptive response
immune response: slower to kick in and develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
adaptive response
immune response: works with the innate response system to enhance reactivity
adaptive response
immune response: attacks microbes and antigens
adaptive response
generates immunologic memory
adaptive response
immune system process meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response
immunologic memory
primary cells of adaptive immunity
B-cells and T-cells (b and t lymphocytes)
immune cells that act as regulator cells, which assist in controlling and orchestrating of the immune response
lymphocytes
immune cells that act as effector cells, by killing and eliminating the microbe or antigen
lymphocytes
immune cells that kill or break apart an invader
accessory cells/phagocytes
immune cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers
dendritic cells
what are three phagocytes used in immune response?
marcophages, neutrophils, eosinophils
the high number of immune cells and other immune materials circulating in blood and lymph is referred to as what?
humoral immunity
what types of cells are located in the following tissues and organs: lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, skin, mucosa, vital organs
immune cells
what happens to immune cells when they are signalled by the presense of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells?
rapid reproduction to create populations of targeted cell types
immune cells that are a key player in humoral immunity
B cells
immune cell: very good at recognizing microbes and antigens, also produce antibodies
B cells
when a B cell binds to its associated antigen it activates, leading to what?
selects to clone either plasma cells or memory cells
immune cell: after maturing, produces and secretes antibodies designed for a specific antigen
plasma cells
what binds to epitopes and either kil or neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells or macrophages
antibodies
immune cell: do not participate in the initial immune response
memory cells
immune cell: stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs
memory cells
antibody type: 75% of antibodies
IgG
antibody type: the only Ig to cross the placenta
IgG
antibody type: diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues
IgG
antibody type: antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial actions
IgG
antibody type: activates killer cells
IgG
antibody type: activates the complement system
IgG and IgM
antibody type: predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions
IgA
antibody type: found in breast milk
IgA
antibody type: blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts
IgA
antibody type: protects mucosa
IgA
antibody type: doesn’t leave blood or lymph
IgM
antibody type: early responder
IgM
antibody type: first Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen
IgM
antibody type: forms natural ABO antibodies
IgM
antibody type: present in small amounts in serum
IgD
antibody type: needed for B-cell maturation
IgD
antibody type: found in tiny amounts in plasma
IgE
antibody type: binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
IgE
antibody type: attracts eosinophils
IgE
antibody type: responds to parasites
IgE
antibody type: overreaction= allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc
IgE
antibody type: there can be a genetic predisposition to overproducing this type
IgE
immune cell type: bind to and/or break down antigens.
antigen presenting cells
immune cell type: present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable
antigen presenting cells
immune cell type: B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells act as this type
antigen presenting cells
antigen presenting cells present antigens to which 2 types of cells?
T-cells and phagocytosing cells
immune cell type: responsible for cell-mediated/cellular immunity
T-cells
immune cell type: work vial cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells
T-cells
immune cell type: attracts cells and prevents them from leaving the area
T-cells
immune cell type: amplify the effectiveness of cells
T-cells
immune cell type: increase or decrease cell reactions
T-cells
immune cell type: activates and regulates B-cells
T-cells
immune cell type: signals natural killer cells
T-cells
increases local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
T-cells
immune cell type: determines if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
T-cells
immune cell type: activates most cells and IgE in allergen responses
T-cells
immune cell type: involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts
T-cells
immune cell type: control intracellular (viral) infections
T-cells
immune cell type: kills tumour cells
T-cells
immune cell type: involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction
T-cells
T-cell type: involved in up-regulation
T-helper cells
T-cell type: the key regulatory cells of the immune system
T-helper cells
T-cell type: release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate the activities of other cell types
T-helper cells
T-cell type: activates B and T cells correctly depending on the type of immune challenge
T-helper cells
T-cell type: involved in down-regulation
regulatory T-cells
T-cell type: suppress/modify immune responses
regulatory T-cells
T-cell type: decrease immune cell production
regulatory T-cells
T-cell type: control the mechanism to help ensure the response matches the situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed
regulatory T-cells
T-cell type: destroy identified/presented antigens
T-cytotoxic cells
T-cell type: kills virus-infected cells by various means
T-cytotoxic cells
T-cell type: involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence
T-cytotoxic cells
a group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
in humans, MHC is often referred to as what?
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
class of HLA that are on all cell surfaces
class I
class of HLA that are only on immune system cells
class II
key factors in determining self from non-self, can also identify self-targets
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
generally determined self-markers, these lead to T-cells attacking or ignoring an antigen
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
immunity type: develops through direct exposure to an antigen and in the response, the immune system develops antibodies
active natural immunity
immunity type: develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen ans subsequently reacts by developing antibodies
active artificial immunity
immunity type: passed from a mother to fetus, to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system
passive immunity
immunity type: when antibodies are injected from one system to another, used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism
passive artificial immunity
the ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens
immunologic self-tolerance
what arises when the mechanisms that eliminate T or B-cells that fail to differentiate between self and non-self antigens cease to function properly
autoimmune disorders
the mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues
auto-immunity
auto-immunity tends to involve the production of what?
auto-antibodies
auto antibodies bind with self molecules to create what
immune complexes
excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage
hypersensitivity disorders
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by IgE which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells
type I
type of hypersensitivity response: reaction takes place with the second and subsequent exposures to the antigen, not the initial exposure
type I
type of hypersensitivity response: begins rapidly, often within minutes of an antigen challenge
type I
type of hypersensitivity response: often referred to as Allergic Reactions, the antigen in this case would be called an allergen
type I
type I hypersensitivity response: local reactions
atopic reaction
type I hypersensitivity response: systemic reactions
anaphylaxis
systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction.
anaphylaxis
an acute generalized reaction characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure. can lead to shock and loss of consciousness
anaphylaxis
type of hypersensitivity response: medaited by IgM or IgG, directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue.
type II
type of hypersensitivity response: aka antibody mediated hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity
type II
type of hypersensitivity response: commonly involve the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction
type II
type of hypersensitivity response: aka immediate hypersensitivity
type I
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation
type III
type of hypersensitivity response: aka immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
type III
type of hypersensitivity response: involves IgM and IgG antibodies. immune complexes formed int he body’s circulatory system are deposited in different areas of the body
type III
type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes.
type iv
type of hypersensitivity response: manifests as sub-acute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to varying degrees of necrosis
type iv
type of hypersensitivity response: aka delayed or cell-mediated hypersensitivity
type iv
which types of hypersensitivity response are immediate and antibody mediated?
types i,ii,iii
which types of hypersensitivity response are delayed and cell mediated?
type iv
