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Systems > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

the body system that defends against foreign invaders

A

immune system

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2
Q

bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign invaders (non-self)

A

invaders

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3
Q

problematic immune responses, response to an invader is excessive

A

allergies, hypersensitivities

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4
Q

problematic immune responses, self tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous

A

auto-immunity

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5
Q

type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye

A

microbe

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6
Q

a microbe that causes disease

A

pathogen

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7
Q

something that tends to kill or damage microbes

A

antimicrobial substance

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8
Q

large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts. can be on self-cells and foreign-cells

A

antigen

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9
Q

a specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells

A

epitope

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10
Q

a protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism

A

antibody

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11
Q

collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease

A

immune responses

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12
Q

non-specifc immune response that we are born with.

A

innate response

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13
Q

immune response: rapid and early. always the same

A

innate response

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14
Q

immune response: primarily reacting to microbes. includes inflammation, fever, etc.

A

innate response

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15
Q

immune response: relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials

A

innate response

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16
Q

immune response: includes external physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes

A

innate response

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17
Q

immune response: microbes adapt to it easily, stimulates adaptive responses

A

innate response

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18
Q

the first line of defense in the immune system

A

skin and mucous membranes

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19
Q

substance on the skin that forms a protective film that inhibits the growth of certain microbes

A

sebum

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20
Q

substance that can trap microbes which can then be expectorated or sneezed out of the body

A

mucous

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21
Q

structures in the nose and respiratory tract that trap and sweep microbes away

A

hair

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22
Q

fluids that contains lysozyme

A

tears and saliva

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23
Q

an enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria

A

lysozyme

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24
Q

immune defense that consists of antimicrobial sumstances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes

A

second line/internal defences

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25
Q

interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are examples of what?

A

antimicrobial sumstances

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26
Q

immune response. develops with exposure to various organisms and substances

A

adaptive response

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27
Q

immune response: slower to kick in and develops in response to specific attributes of an invader

A

adaptive response

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28
Q

immune response: works with the innate response system to enhance reactivity

A

adaptive response

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29
Q

immune response: attacks microbes and antigens

A

adaptive response

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30
Q

generates immunologic memory

A

adaptive response

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31
Q

immune system process meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response

A

immunologic memory

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32
Q

primary cells of adaptive immunity

A

B-cells and T-cells (b and t lymphocytes)

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33
Q

immune cells that act as regulator cells, which assist in controlling and orchestrating of the immune response

A

lymphocytes

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34
Q

immune cells that act as effector cells, by killing and eliminating the microbe or antigen

A

lymphocytes

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35
Q

immune cells that kill or break apart an invader

A

accessory cells/phagocytes

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36
Q

immune cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers

A

dendritic cells

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37
Q

what are three phagocytes used in immune response?

A

marcophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

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38
Q

the high number of immune cells and other immune materials circulating in blood and lymph is referred to as what?

A

humoral immunity

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39
Q

what types of cells are located in the following tissues and organs: lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, skin, mucosa, vital organs

A

immune cells

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40
Q

what happens to immune cells when they are signalled by the presense of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells?

A

rapid reproduction to create populations of targeted cell types

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41
Q

immune cells that are a key player in humoral immunity

A

B cells

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42
Q

immune cell: very good at recognizing microbes and antigens, also produce antibodies

A

B cells

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43
Q

when a B cell binds to its associated antigen it activates, leading to what?

A

selects to clone either plasma cells or memory cells

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44
Q

immune cell: after maturing, produces and secretes antibodies designed for a specific antigen

A

plasma cells

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45
Q

what binds to epitopes and either kil or neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells or macrophages

A

antibodies

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46
Q

immune cell: do not participate in the initial immune response

A

memory cells

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47
Q

immune cell: stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs

A

memory cells

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48
Q

antibody type: 75% of antibodies

A

IgG

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49
Q

antibody type: the only Ig to cross the placenta

A

IgG

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50
Q

antibody type: diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues

A

IgG

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51
Q

antibody type: antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial actions

A

IgG

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52
Q

antibody type: activates killer cells

A

IgG

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53
Q

antibody type: activates the complement system

A

IgG and IgM

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54
Q

antibody type: predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions

A

IgA

55
Q

antibody type: found in breast milk

A

IgA

56
Q

antibody type: blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts

A

IgA

57
Q

antibody type: protects mucosa

A

IgA

58
Q

antibody type: doesn’t leave blood or lymph

A

IgM

59
Q

antibody type: early responder

A

IgM

60
Q

antibody type: first Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen

A

IgM

61
Q

antibody type: forms natural ABO antibodies

A

IgM

62
Q

antibody type: present in small amounts in serum

A

IgD

63
Q

antibody type: needed for B-cell maturation

A

IgD

64
Q

antibody type: found in tiny amounts in plasma

A

IgE

65
Q

antibody type: binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances

A

IgE

66
Q

antibody type: attracts eosinophils

A

IgE

67
Q

antibody type: responds to parasites

A

IgE

68
Q

antibody type: overreaction= allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc

A

IgE

69
Q

antibody type: there can be a genetic predisposition to overproducing this type

A

IgE

70
Q

immune cell type: bind to and/or break down antigens.

A

antigen presenting cells

71
Q

immune cell type: present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable

A

antigen presenting cells

72
Q

immune cell type: B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells act as this type

A

antigen presenting cells

73
Q

antigen presenting cells present antigens to which 2 types of cells?

A

T-cells and phagocytosing cells

74
Q

immune cell type: responsible for cell-mediated/cellular immunity

A

T-cells

75
Q

immune cell type: work vial cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells

A

T-cells

76
Q

immune cell type: attracts cells and prevents them from leaving the area

A

T-cells

77
Q

immune cell type: amplify the effectiveness of cells

A

T-cells

78
Q

immune cell type: increase or decrease cell reactions

A

T-cells

79
Q

immune cell type: activates and regulates B-cells

A

T-cells

80
Q

immune cell type: signals natural killer cells

A

T-cells

81
Q

increases local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement

A

T-cells

82
Q

immune cell type: determines if humoral or cellular immunity is needed

A

T-cells

83
Q

immune cell type: activates most cells and IgE in allergen responses

A

T-cells

84
Q

immune cell type: involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts

A

T-cells

85
Q

immune cell type: control intracellular (viral) infections

A

T-cells

86
Q

immune cell type: kills tumour cells

A

T-cells

87
Q

immune cell type: involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction

A

T-cells

88
Q

T-cell type: involved in up-regulation

A

T-helper cells

89
Q

T-cell type: the key regulatory cells of the immune system

A

T-helper cells

90
Q

T-cell type: release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate the activities of other cell types

A

T-helper cells

91
Q

T-cell type: activates B and T cells correctly depending on the type of immune challenge

A

T-helper cells

92
Q

T-cell type: involved in down-regulation

A

regulatory T-cells

93
Q

T-cell type: suppress/modify immune responses

A

regulatory T-cells

94
Q

T-cell type: decrease immune cell production

A

regulatory T-cells

95
Q

T-cell type: control the mechanism to help ensure the response matches the situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed

A

regulatory T-cells

96
Q

T-cell type: destroy identified/presented antigens

A

T-cytotoxic cells

97
Q

T-cell type: kills virus-infected cells by various means

A

T-cytotoxic cells

98
Q

T-cell type: involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence

A

T-cytotoxic cells

99
Q

a group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

100
Q

in humans, MHC is often referred to as what?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

101
Q

class of HLA that are on all cell surfaces

A

class I

102
Q

class of HLA that are only on immune system cells

A

class II

103
Q

key factors in determining self from non-self, can also identify self-targets

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

104
Q

generally determined self-markers, these lead to T-cells attacking or ignoring an antigen

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

105
Q

immunity type: develops through direct exposure to an antigen and in the response, the immune system develops antibodies

A

active natural immunity

106
Q

immunity type: develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen ans subsequently reacts by developing antibodies

A

active artificial immunity

107
Q

immunity type: passed from a mother to fetus, to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system

A

passive immunity

108
Q

immunity type: when antibodies are injected from one system to another, used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism

A

passive artificial immunity

109
Q

the ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens

A

immunologic self-tolerance

110
Q

what arises when the mechanisms that eliminate T or B-cells that fail to differentiate between self and non-self antigens cease to function properly

A

autoimmune disorders

111
Q

the mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues

A

auto-immunity

112
Q

auto-immunity tends to involve the production of what?

A

auto-antibodies

113
Q

auto antibodies bind with self molecules to create what

A

immune complexes

114
Q

excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage

A

hypersensitivity disorders

115
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by IgE which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells

A

type I

116
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: reaction takes place with the second and subsequent exposures to the antigen, not the initial exposure

A

type I

117
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: begins rapidly, often within minutes of an antigen challenge

A

type I

118
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: often referred to as Allergic Reactions, the antigen in this case would be called an allergen

A

type I

119
Q

type I hypersensitivity response: local reactions

A

atopic reaction

120
Q

type I hypersensitivity response: systemic reactions

A

anaphylaxis

121
Q

systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction.

A

anaphylaxis

122
Q

an acute generalized reaction characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure. can lead to shock and loss of consciousness

A

anaphylaxis

123
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: medaited by IgM or IgG, directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue.

A

type II

124
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: aka antibody mediated hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

type II

125
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: commonly involve the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction

A

type II

126
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: aka immediate hypersensitivity

A

type I

127
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation

A

type III

128
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: aka immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

A

type III

129
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: involves IgM and IgG antibodies. immune complexes formed int he body’s circulatory system are deposited in different areas of the body

A

type III

130
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes.

A

type iv

131
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: manifests as sub-acute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to varying degrees of necrosis

A

type iv

132
Q

type of hypersensitivity response: aka delayed or cell-mediated hypersensitivity

A

type iv

133
Q

which types of hypersensitivity response are immediate and antibody mediated?

A

types i,ii,iii

134
Q

which types of hypersensitivity response are delayed and cell mediated?

A

type iv

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