Infectious Disease Flashcards
Most devastating pandemic in recorder world history?
spanish flu 1918-1919
More than ___% of deaths from infectious
diseases worldwide are caused by a handful of
diseases
90
infectious diseases account for ___ of the 10 leading causes of death.
4
Wjat contributes to growing imapct of infectious diseases?
Poverty, lack of access to health care, antibiotic
resistance, evolving human migration patterns,
new infectious agents, and changing environmental and developmental activities a
What causes infectious diseases?
pathogens (diases-causing microorganism that grows in or on the body, damaging tissue, inducing inflammation, and triggering familiar signs) (can be endogenous or exogenous)
what is the word pathogen dervied from?
Greek for “to cause suffering’
What does it mean if a disease is contagious or communicable?
transmitted directly by human contact
Ways infectious dieases transmit?
human contact (direct or indirect)
inhalation or droplet nuclei
ingestion of contaminated food or water
inoculaton by insect or anima l
rabies can be transmitted by the bite of a rabid
raccoon, and cholera is transmitted by drinking
fecal-contaminated water.
What is eidemiology?
study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease.
What is prevalence?
number of existing cases of a disease which shows how signifcaint the disease is in a certain population
What is an endemic disease?
disease always occurs in low levels in a population
example of endemic diseases?
ST infectious D
What is an epidemic disease?
unudually large number over a sepciifc area
What is an example of epidemic?
influenza
What is a pandemic + example
several areas worldwide - ex is HIV/AIDS
What is an outbreak?
a disease suddenly occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then subsides
What r notifiable diseases?
certain infectious diseases that physicians must report to the CDC
Examples of notifiable diseases?
chlamydial infections, measles, mumps,
polio, tuberculosis, Legionnaires’ disease, and
tetanus
What is the sorce of an infectious disease called?
a resevoir
What are some examples of reservoirs
humans, animals, insects, soli and water
What are carriers?
ppl with the infectious disease but no s/s
What is a horizontal transmission?
infectious disease from reservoir to human
What is direct transmission + example?
infectious agent is spread through direct physical contact
examples are kissing, touching, sex, touching infected animal or insect
What are some diseases that transmit primarily through direct transmission?
ringwork, HIV/AIDS, common cold and the flu
How far do contaminated particles from a sneezze spreaad?
3 feet
What is indirect transmission + examples?
pathogen stays in the environment on the outside of the host for a long time without infecting anyone else
examples r tuberculosis and measles
What are fomites?
contaminated inanimate objects that can spread disease
how are GI diseases such as cholera and rotavirus infection transmitted?
through contaminated food or beverage that enter via the fecal-oral route
What is vertical transmission + examples ?
passed from one generation to the next
HIV/AIDS, syphilis, ophthalmia neonatorum
What is one of the most frequetly used entries for pathogens?
respiratory tract
What is the parenteral route?
pathogen enters body through punctures, injection, bites and surgery
What are noscomial infections?
those acquired at a healthcare facility
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that _________ patients in the United States contract a nosocomial infection each year and _____ die as a result.
1.7 million
99,000
What is the most common nosocomial infection
UTI - 32%
infections at surgical site - 22%
lung infection - 15%
bloodstream infection (sepsis) - 14%
What is the most common nosocomial infection
UTI - 32%
infections at surgical site - 22%
lung infection - 15%
bloodstream infection (sepsis) - 14%
What is our microbiota
aka normal flora, its the 100 trillion microorganisms present in and on our body
What does normal flora do?
helps protect our body from other harmful organisms and produce vitamins
if not monitored, can become opportunistic pathogens in a surgical wound or if pt is in a weakened or immune-compromised person
What is the single most important way to prevent nosocomial infections?
washing your hands
What is isolation?
keep the infected person away from general population
What is quarantine?
Seperate possibly sick ppl from healthy ppl until period of infectious risk has passed
Respiratory etiquette:
sneeze or cough into elbow, handkerchief or upper arm or elbow
wash hands and discard tissues after coughing or sneezing
washing hands
What is the only way to completely eradicate a disease?
vaccination - ex is smallpox
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) estimates that ______ workers in the health care industry and related occupations are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens
5.6 million
The rate of HBV transmission to susceptible
health care workers ranges from ____% after a
single needlestick exposure to an HBV-infected
patient.
6–30
if a susceptible worker is exposed to HBV, postexposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin and initiation of hepatitis B vaccine is more than ___% effective in preventing HBV infection
90
The average risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approx ____%
1.8%
The average risk of HIV infection after needlestick exposure or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is ___%
0.3
cardinal s/s of local infection?
signs - redness, selling , heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lypmh glands and red streaks
symptoms - fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite and delirium
How do pathogens cause disease?
- invasion and local destruction of living tissue
- intoxication or production of substances aht r poisonous to body
How does body protect from infection?
- natural mechanical and chemical barrieres (skin, cilia, body pH, normal body flora)
- inflammaotry response
- immune response
How to diagnoe and treat infectious diseases?
diagnose - isolating and identifying organism thorugh lab testing
treatment - antibiotcs, antifungal, antiparasitics or antivral (+ analgesics for pain, antipyretics for fever, adequate fluid intake, infecton control measure and rest)
