Cancer treatment

Question 1

What are hte ultiate cases of death in caner pts

Answer 1

secondary infection, organ failure, hemorrhage, and undetermined factors

Question 2

What are most treatment plans contain

Answer 2

surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (some have hormone therapy or immunotherapy)

Question 3

About ___ of all people with cancer receive
radiation therapy as part of their cancer treatment

Answer 3

half

Question 4

How does radiation therapy work/

Answer 4

Uses high-energy rays to damage DNA of cells, interfering with cell division and growth

Question 5

what is external radiation therapy

Answer 5

radiation comes from a large
machine outside the body that aims the beams
at precise points on the body to destroy as few
normal cells as possible

Question 6

what is internal radiation therapy

Answer 6

radiation is placed inside the body in specific tissue to
destroy as few normal cells as possible.

Question 7

what are the most common side effects of radiation?

Answer 7

hair loss and skin irritation at the treatment site and fatigue

Question 8

About ___ of cancer patients receive chemotherapy treatment.

Answer 8

half

Question 9

What kind of treatment is chemo considered?

Answer 9

systmeic

Question 10

how does chemo works

Answer 10

uses medications that target
rapidly dividing cells and, therefore, kills cancer cells and some normal cells.

Question 11

What are some normal cells that repilcate fast?

Answer 11

blood cells, bone marrow cells, cells of hair follicles, and cells lining the digestive tract

Question 12

what are the side effects of chemo

Answer 12

anemia, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Question 13

How does hormone therapy work?

Answer 13

some cancer need hormones to gorw so surgery may be used to remove the source ofthe hormone or use hormone therapy meds

• exL adminsitration of durgs that suppresses hormone sunthesis like LHRH antagonsit or aromatase inhibiotrs, drugs that blocks action of hormones or surgical reoval of hormone-producing glands like ooporectomy and orchiectomy

Question 14

What is immunotherapy?

Answer 14

it seeks to strenghten and stimulate the immune system so it can recognize and kill cancer cells
1. trigger immune response against tumor cell
2. deliver letah dose o radiation to cell
3. release deadly cemical insdie cell

Question 15

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 15

synthetic antibodies that are designed to bind to a specific antigen on a cancer cell

(some attach to cancer cells and signal immune system to destroy will others carry drugs or radioactive isotopies directly to cancer cells)

Question 16

At least ________ of all cancers are preventable.

Answer 16

1/3

Question 17

how to prevent caner?

Answer 17

dont smoke, maintain a healthy wt, be physiall active, eat healthy, dont drink a lot, protect ur skin from UV, get immunized, avoid risky behaviors (safe sex, dont share needles), get cancer screenings

Question 18

how to relief symptoms like obstruction?

Answer 18

• tumor resection
• bypass
• stenting
• laser ablation

Question 19

how does chemotherapy work?

Answer 19

• use of meds to destroy cancer cells
• most of drugs affect cell re[lication
• chemo is most effective
• normal cells also get destroyed = s/s if chemo
• side effects inculde alopecia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, bruising and infertility
• combo drugs in cucles that include treatment period followed by recovery period
• mostly outpaitient
• cells can develop resistence = need for new drugs or treatments

Question 20

Types of immunotherapy for cancer?

Answer 20

1. trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancers that overexpress human epidermal growth facotr
   - rituximab (ritxuan) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
   - Alemtuzumab (Campath) for chronic lymphocytic leulemia
   - ipilimumab (yervoy) for metastatic melanoma
   - CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors (cyclin-dependent kinases) : Abemaciclib (Verzenio), Palbociclib (IBRANCE), Ribociclib (Kisqal)

Question 21

What is a cancer vaccine?

Answer 21

• isolate proteins from cancer cells when injected into pt with cancer, can trigger an immune response in the pt to attack and destroy the cancer cells
• other attemplt to inject substance that will cause a more generalized immune response within tumor tssue to destroy it

Question 22

What is a cancer vaccine that has FDA approval?

Answer 22

• for metastatic hormone refractory-prostate cancer w/ minimal symptoms
• sipuleucel-T (Provenge)

Question 23

What is hospice care?

Answer 23

• care developed to help pt and fam deal w/ life-threatening illness

Question 24

consequences of cancer therapy?

Answer 24

• pt r predisposed to developing other malignancies, esp lymphoma and leukemias
• delayed growth and cognitive impairment

Question 25

What is stereotactic Radiosurgery?

Answer 25

• alternative to conventional radiation therapy (RT) for cancer tumors
• many beams of low dose radiation from diff angles to converge at target so target gets intense radiation but normal tissue only gets a little
• less toxicity, only need few treatments

Question 26

What is CyberKnife?

Answer 26

• precise radiation treatment in SRS tech that provides increased access to tumors particularly in brain, base of skil or spine but can be anywhere on body + more relaxed treatment
• real-time imaging + robotics so when pt moves beams adkust
• no invasive external fixation w/ traditional radiosurgery
• RT is preferred when large tumor or when tumor is near cranial nere or speech/ lanugage center of brain

Question 27

Ex of drugs that targets oncogene?

Answer 27

• imatinib (Gleevec) which inhibits BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (abn enzyme) in chronic myelogenous leukemeia