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Pathophysiology - Intro > Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions first chapter > Flashcards

Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions first chapter Flashcards

1
Q

What yrly screening should ppl over 50 get?

A
  1. determination of blood cholesterol levels for hyperlipidemia
  2. ECG for heart disease
  3. rectal exam for bowel cancer and prostate enlargmenet
  4. PSA serum blood test to determine prostate healh
  5. pressure check for hypertension
  6. Pap smear for cervical cancer
  7. mammography for breast cancer
  8. urinalysis for diabgetes and renal disease
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2
Q

life span in US/

A

78.7

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3
Q

What percent of US population is over 65?

A

14.9%

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4
Q

common concerns in old ppl?

A
  • substance abuse, overmedication, loss of mental acuity (cognitive impairment), depression, urinary incontience, sensory isolation bc visial and/or hearing impairmentand nutritional problems from signficant life stresses like financial hardship, relocation, loss of normal roles in life, death of loved ones and friends, skyrocketing heatlhcare costs and medical insurance premiums
  • regular exercise 3-5x wkly, proper nutrition and hazard free environment to prevent falls should be maintained
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5
Q

each year __ in __ ages 65 and over falls, causing moderate to severe injuries.

A

1 to 3

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6
Q

meds and aging?

A
  • older ppl take lots of drugs + OTC drugs so combos = high risk for adverse drug reactions
  • old ppl r often given intestinal probiotics to ward off antibiotic-associated diarrhea infection w/ Clostridoides difficile
  • some older adults can’t handle standard dose of meds bc metabolic and body comp changes (increased adipose tissue, decreased total body water, so on)
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7
Q

What are some psychological factors that affect health?

A

-psych evalencompasses observation of behavior, appearance, mood, communication, judgement, thought processes
- illness change pt + family life such as disrupting daily activities, altered body image, emotional and social changes
- chronic disease is a stressor that can affect person’s self-esteem and behavior bc feelings of fear, helplessness and lack of control occur as well as stages of anxiety, shock, denial, anger, withdrawal and depression

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8
Q

Diagnosis steps?

A
  1. Individual seeks medical attention
  2. guidelines applied for telephone/pt screening determine urgency
  3. obtain med history (family history, social and occupational history, risk factors, drug allergies, present therapy + meds, onset of s/s)
  4. physical exam (vital signs, o2 saturation, review of organ system, inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion)
  5. diagnostic studies and lab tests (complete blood analysis, urine studies, microscopic exam, chem analysis, radiographic studies, body scans, endoscopy, ultrasonography)
  6. compare with normal findings
  7. integrate and interpret
    8.formulate diagnosis, treatment plan, prognosis and prevention
  8. provide pt teaching needed info and make appropriate referrals
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9
Q

What is blood analysis

A

Complete blood count
Glycosylated hemoglobin (Measurement of Hgb to which glucose is bound, aka HgbA1c)
chemistries
thyroid function tests: thyroid throxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL)
electrolytes (chloride, potassium sodium and Co2)
clotting and coagulation studies
eryrthrocyte sedimentaiton rate (ESR)
Glucose tolerance (GTT) - fasting blood glucose levels
toxicology studies
drug levels
arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis
cardiac enzymes
cross reaction protein

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10
Q

What r chemistires in blood analysis?

A

Normal chemistry profiles may contain blood serum levels for:
- albumin
- alkalin phospahtease
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- bilirubin
- calcium creatinine
- lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
- phosphorus
- total protein
- urea nitrogen
- uric acid

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11
Q

what is CBC?

A

(CBC) for RBC, RBC indices, WBC, WBC differntial, Hgb, hematocrit (HCT) (percentages of RVCs in volume of whole blood), platelet, aka hemogram

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12
Q

What is clotting and coagulation studies?

A
  • partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), platelet (thrombocyte) count and bleeding times
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13
Q

What is erythrocyre sedimentation (ESR)?

A

rate at which RBCs fall out of well-mixed whole blood to bottom of test tube

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14
Q

What is a drug level test test for?

A

0 digoxin
- digitoxin
- theophylline
- lidocaine
- lithium

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15
Q

What is Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?

A
  • measurement of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
  • also measures pH and O2 saturation of arterial blood
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16
Q

What is a cardiac enzyme test?

A

tests for creatine kinase (CK), CK isoenzymes, LD, LD isoenzymes, AST (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)), aline aminotransferase (ALT, serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SCPT__

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17
Q

What are urine studies?

A
  • Urinarlysis (study urine specimen and measure pH, specific gravity, presence of ketones, protein, sugars, bilirbiubin, urobilinogen, color, odor, presence of abn blood cells, cast, bacteria, otehr cells and crystals))
  • culture and sensitivty (C&S) of urine (cult - sample of urine specimen is placed in/on culture medium to see whether microbial growth- if growht than identification of pathogenic microbe is determines, sensitivity is when portion of specimen is placed on sensitivty disk (impregnated w/ specific antibiotics) to determine which antibiotics pathogen is resposneive to and resistant to)
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18
Q

What are cardiology tests?

A

ECG - record of electrical activity of myocardium used to diagnose ischemia, arrhythmias, conduction difficulties, activity of cardiac meds
Echocardiography - ultrasound exam of cardiac structure to define size, shape, thickness, position and movement
holter monitor - miniature ECG that record electrical activity for 24-48 w/ pt recording all activity during time
thallium scan - indicate myocardial profusion and location + extent of myocardial ischemia and/or infarction
Multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan: assesses function of left ventricle and identifies abn of myocardial walls
Stress testing, treadmill and exercise tolerance testing - assessment of cardiac function during moderate exercise
pulse oximeter: spectrophotometer provides noninvasive measurement of O2
cardiac catheterization: Fluoropscopic visualisation of R or L side of hearth by passing a catheter into R or L chamber and injecting dye (angiography consists of catheter being passed into coronary vesselss where dye is injected and fluoroscopic images r recorded)

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19
Q

What are imaging studies?

A
  • radiography: visualization of internal organs and strucutres by EM radiation (contrast medium for soft tissue and some organs like gallbladder, esophagus, stomach and S and L intestines)
  • MRI: Magnetic field to visualize internal tissue to view them in 3D manner to determine blood flow, condiiton of bv, tumor and infection detection and differntiatiing healthy and diseased tissue
  • CT: use scanning sstem to provide internal strucutre of tissue and organs both geographically and characteristically
  • PET: use small amt of radioactive material to produce 3D colored image to show how body tissue and organs function
  • Fluroscopy: continous visualization of area undergoing radiographu to study function of tissues and ogans
  • sonography, ultrasonography, echography: beam of sound waves projected into target tissue or organs and bouncing back = outline of structure
  • myelography: exam spinal cord and spinal nerve roots using dye and/or air into subarchnoid space and record on radiographic film
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20
Q

what is stool analysis/

A

guaiac tests: for occult blood
ova and arasite tests

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21
Q

What r sputum analusis?

A

sputum stides: microscopic studies of sputum, including C&S, acid-fast bacteria culture and stain, Gram staining and cytology studies

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22
Q

What are endoscopy tests?

A

endoscopy: visual inspection of internal organs and/or cavities of body
Gastroscopy: stomach w/ gastroscope
colonoscopy: colon w/ colonoscoy
sigmoidoscopy: sigmoid portion of colon and rectum w/ sigmoidoscope
proctoscopy: rectum w/ proctoscope
cystocopy: urinary tract w/ cystoscope
colposcopy: cervical epitheluim, vagina and vulvar epithelium w/ colposcope
bronchoscopy: trachea and bronchi w/ bronchoscope

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23
Q

What are Pulmonary tests

A

peak flow: pt blow into flowmeter to determine volume of expiratory effort

spirometry: measurement of lung capacity, volume, flow rate by spirometer

methacholine challenge: test for asthma in which measurement of lung volume is taken before and after the inhalation of metacholine, bronchial dilator

pulmonary function: tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume and inspiratory reserve volume

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24
Q

What are some miscellaneous tests?

A

C&S: Culture and Sensitivity
Genetic testing
bone marrow studies from sternum, posteroir or superior iliac spine, anterior iliac crest for diagnosis of neoplasms, metastasis and blood disroders
ummune and Ig studies
serologic testings
bopsy
lumbar puncture
EEG
Electromyelography (electrodiagnostic assessment and recording of activity of skeletal muscles)
gastric analysis
pregnancy tests (detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
gram staining (used to identify gram-positive or gram-negative microorganism of infectious process)
polysomnography (sleep studies indicate excessive snoring, daytime sleeping or drowsiness, insomnia, sleep time cardiac rhythm disturbances)

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25
Q

What are serologic tests?

A

analysis of blood specimens for antigen-antibody reactions

used to detect bacterial infections including:
- syphilis
- Lyme disease
- chlamydia
- streptococcal infections
antibodies from viral sources
- infectious mononucleosis
- rubella
- hepatitis
- rabies
- HIV
- herpes
- cytomegalovirus
antibodies from fungal sources
- histoplasmosis
- candida
antibodies from parasitic source
- toxoplasmosis

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26
Q

What are screening tests?

A

Hepatic screening - liver function tests, liver profile (usual includes ALT, alkaline phosphatase, AST, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase)
tuberculosis screening
prostate-specific antigen
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
mammogram

27
Q

What is holistic medicine?

A
  • established mind-body interaction (focus on the neds of a whole person, suhc as their social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and physical being)
28
Q

What is gene therapy?

A
  • experimental intervention of adding, repairing or blocking the expression of specific genes to treating a disease
  • delivered by using a vector (chaperon molecule that accompanies and aids in safe delivery of DNA) (most vectors r viruses (adenovirus or adeno-associated virus) but nonviral bectors r lipsomes (enclosed gene))
  • ex vivo : cells r modified after being removed from body and returned to pt
  • In vivo : treat pt w/ gene delivery vehicle that target desired cells for gene modification
  • aims to treat austomal or x-linked recessie diseases by additing functional copy of defective gense to inhibit or repair defective gene
  • treat diseases ike cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia B and various forms of cancer
29
Q

What is stem cell research?

A
  • repair damaged tissue in field called regenerative medicine
  • stem cells r unspecialized cell that has potenital to become any specialized cell (in embryo stem cells make person, in adults stem cells r in bone marrow, skin, and liver to replace cells lost through disease, injury, or normal use)
  • stem cells from bone marrow r used to treat several types of cancer, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, immunodeficiency, other diseases, generate tissue for burn therapy (skin grafts), bone grafts, tissue for corneal transplants
30
Q

description of pain?

A
  • unpleasant experience, distress, strong discomfort, suffering, agony or simply hurting
  • dull and aching for overuse of the musculoskeletal system
  • burning for nerve route
  • crampling for abd-visceral type of pain
  • throbbing for head pain or pain felt along blood vessel
  • other terms include shooting, stabbing and stinging
  • burning for thermal injury
  • pt describe pain as frightening, sickening, tiring, discomforting, intense, unbearable, mild, excruiating, and vicious
31
Q

classification of pain?

A
  • depends on person + cultural values
  • described with charts (1-3 is mild, 4-5 is moderate, 6-10 as severe or as bad as u can imagine)
  • John Hopkins scale goes from 1-10
  • painometer rate cards ratie pain from front and back of body with types of pain in chronological order
  • wong-baker faces depict 6 faces from 0-10 w/ 0 = no hurt, 2 = hurts a little, 4 = hurts a little more, 6 = hurts even more, 8 = hurts whole lot, 10 = hurts worst
32
Q

What is the physiology of pain?

A
  • stimulation nociceptors (specialized nerve ending found on free sensory nerve endings in superficial part of skin, some tissue of internal or visceral organs, joint capsules, periosteum of bones, around walls of bv, certain deep tissue)
  • travel from nerve ending, through spinal cord to tahalmus then sensory cortex of parietal lobe
  • adaption to painful stimuli doesnt occur bc receptros continue to respond as long as stimulus remains
33
Q

cause of pain

A
  • result of response to tissue insult from noxious (harmful stimuli) including
    1) temp extremes
    2) mechanical damage
    3) dissolved chemicals (including potassium, acids, histamines, acetylcholine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins)
    4) hyopxia and ischemia
    5) muscle spasm
  • if all 3 types than burning-type sensation
  • is signal to help locate and eliminate or reduce source of tissue damage
  • part of normal healing process as reaction to inflammation
  • if pain occurs in absence of physical injury then called psychological pain
  • may not be accurately reported if cerebral cortex isn’t functioning at normal capacity, poor supply of nociceptors, referred pain from neurons traveling in parallel pathways (follows dermatome that is supplied by same spinal nerve)
34
Q

Classification of pain

A
  • acute: sudden onset, severe, short duration, pt w/ acute pain tend to guard area, may exhibit distractive behavior like crying or monaing, restless, anxious, listless or altered thought processes , bp and pulse r often increase + respiratory rates may increase or decrease (if v. severe than vascular collapse, state of shock), face in grimace, skin may become diaphoretic (sweating heavily)
  • chronic pain: less severe, duration of greateer tha n6 months, from inflammatory conditions like arthritis and bursitis, often have wt loss or gain, insomnia or altered sleep patterns, anorexia, inability to continue normal activities and guarded movements, psychosocial relationshps may be altere
  • transient: comes ang goes, bried dueation, often not signaficatn
  • chornic intractable pain = usually from nerve damage, cancer, is debilitating and can cause depression
  • superficial: body surface
  • deep: muscle, joints, tendons
  • visceral: internal organs
35
Q

What is pain relief?

A
  • acute pain (like after MI, postoperative, severe trauma, terminal illness) r treated w/ narcotics or opioid-related drugs using a patient-controlled analgesic pump that allows prescribed dose of analgesic to dispense IVs at safe intervals
  • aspirin is most common, cannabis and cannabidoil (CBD) oils work too
  • if chronic than acetaminophen, steroids or antinflammatory agents like NSAIDS, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) block nerve transmission, sirgucal intervention
  • physical therapy, massage painful area, acupuncture (needles to stimulate nerves deep in tissue, thus arousing pituitary glands to release endorphins)
36
Q

What is preventive healthcare>

A
  • prevent disease and injury, proactive in health
  • proven to reduce mortality rate for diseases Cardiovascular disease
  • stop smoking tobacco and exposure to secondhand smoke
  • healthcare institutions need to uphold infection control to prevent pt from nosocomial infections and prevent iatrogenic disorders (diseases or condition that r result of medical procedures or treatment)
  • lose wt
  • learn to manage chronic conditions
  • improved safety measures involving operation of machinery and automobiles
  • protective labeling and packaging of food, drugs and toxic produts
  • general public safety education
  • early intervention for family violence
  • reduce stress through meditation and ways of increase confidence
  • exercise
  • vaccine
37
Q

why smoking is bad

A
  • secondhand smoking contains carcinogenics like formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide
  • children who r exposed to secondhand smoke r at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acutre respiratory infections, ear problems and more severe asthma
  • breathing secondhand smoke (more toxicthan what is inhaled by smoker) has immediate adverse effects on CV sstem
  • short exposure to secondhand smoke can irritate and damage lining of airways
  • seperating smokers from nonsmokers and cleaning ventiliating and air-conditiioning systems of building cannot eliminate exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke
  • smoking increases risk for cornarny artery disease
  • smoking is greatest avoidalbe cause of death and disease
38
Q

exercise for adults?

A
  • 150 min moder-intensity aerobic activity
  • 75 min vigorous intensity aerobic actitvity
  • aerobic activity should be performed in episodes lasting 10 min and should be spread throughout week
  • for extensive health benefits 300 min moderate and 150 min vigrourous
  • also do muscle strenghtening activities that r moderate or high intensity and invole major muslce groups 2 or more days
39
Q

vaccines adults should get:

A
  • tetanus-diphtheria vaccine (all adults, every 10 yrs)
  • flu vaccine seasonal 9adults ae 50 and older)
  • pneumococcal vaccine (adults 65 and older)
  • heptatitis B vaccine (adults at risk), three dosezs
  • hepatitis A (2 doeases)
  • measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (susceptible adults) contraindicated in HIV infection and pregnancy
  • varicella (chicklenpox) vaccine (susceptible adults except in pregnancy)
  • meningococcal vaccine (college freshmen living in dorms)
  • HPV vaccinne (all previously unvaccinated females and males throughout age 26)
  • Gardasil (HPV) vaccine (young men)
  • Shingrix vaccine to prevent shingles (herpres zoster) in adults 60 and over excpet during pregnancy and HIV infection
  • teteanus, reduced dipheteria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine for adults 19-64 and for some adults over 65 and 11-18 y/o
    -vaccines for travelers
  • special rec for polio vaccine
40
Q

What is nontraditional medicine?

A
  • complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to be used w/ conventional med
  • complementary is used w/ convential med: ex: aromatherapy to help lessen pt discomfort following surgery
  • alternative med is in plac e of convential med: ex: special diet to treat cancer instead of surgery, radiation or chemo
41
Q

What is osteopathy

A
  • one of most widely accepted form of alt med
  • done by osteopathic physicians
  • emphasizes stimulation of the body’s natural processes as a means to promote healing and well-being
  • use medical and surgical concepts + manipulation techniques to realign body structure
42
Q

What is Chiropratic medicine

A
  • based on concept that body’s nervous system is foundation of health and that undue pressure on or an insult to nervous system = pain and disease
  • correct alignment of spinal vertebrae is emphasized = many chiropractic adjustments involve manipulation of spine
43
Q

What is reflexology?-

A
  • type of massage
  • directs efforts primarily to massaging feet and sometimes hands
  • theory is that body is divided into zones and that these zones r reflected in specific areas of feet or hand
  • manipulation of these areas is expected to cause a therapeutic effect on organ or system
44
Q

What is aromatherapy?

A
  • use of essentail oils to promte wellness and healing and to relieve stress
  • mainly involves inhalation and olfactory system but oils used r absorbed through skin and transported to various body tissues and system by circulatory system
  • essential oils r diluted and htem massaged ito skin or placed in a steam inhaler for inspiration
  • more common essential oils used r chamomile, clary sage, clove, eucalyptus, geranium, ginger, lavneder, orange, peppermint, rosemary, sage, tea tree, evening primrose, ylang yland
45
Q

what r herbs in alt medicine?

A
  • aka natural medicines
  • ancient Egyptians r first known to record lists of herbs
  • common r ginkgo biloba, garlic, saw palmetto, ginseng, passion flower, angelica, chamomile, fennel, lavender, peppermint, rosemary, sge, St. John’s wort, valerian and yarrow
  • professed to treat allergies, arthritis, GI problems, headaches, hyper or hypo tension, insomnia, urinary problems, menstrual or menopausal symptoms and skin disaease
46
Q

relation of diet and nutrition to alt medicine?

A
  • special diets and addressing nutritional needs, hoping to elimiate toxins from body and allow it to function at optimal levle
  • fat-free, low-saturated-fat, low sugar, high protein, low carb, vegetarian, no or low caffeine, seafood
  • mineral and vitamin supplements
47
Q

What is acupuncture?

A
  • asian therapy using meridian
  • attempts to adjust chi flow by inserting needles into acuputnre points and maniulating them by twirling or gentle pumping action
  • recent tech uses electrical and laser stimulation
48
Q

What is acupressure?

A
  • similar to acupuncute
  • involves manipulation of acupoints by finger pressure
  • balance the flow of energy along meridians to promote healthy function of internal organs
  • often incorporated into massage
49
Q

What is therapeutic touch?

A
  • derived from anciet technique called laying-on of hands
  • based on premise that it is the healing force of therapist that affects pt recovery, healing is promoted when body’s energies r in balance, by passing their hands over pt helaers can attempt to identifty energy imbalances
50
Q

What is shiatsu?

A
  • form of therapy from japan
  • simialr to acupressure
  • usually performed on mat on floor
  • person remains clothed and therapist applies pressure to acupoints and along meridians using fingertips, knuckles, elbows, knees or even feet
51
Q

What is magnetic therapy?

A
  • new to US, used extensitviely in veterniarny med, esp equine veterinary med
  • believed magnets increase ciruclation ot area eing treat, thereby increasing abailable amt of O2 and nutrients at same time, transporting away the waste productus of metabolism and inflammatory proces
  • postulated that the magnetic field interferes with conduction of sensory nerves by preventing movement of sodium and potassium on aand out of nerve cells, reducing conduction capability of the sensory nerve
  • advocators state magnets r useful in relieving muscle and nerve pain, reducig inflammation and mitigating migrain
52
Q

What is hyponosis and hypnotherapy?

A
  • acceoted means of psychological therapy for past 40 yrs
  • therapist palces pt in trancelike state, often resembing sleep
  • in trance subject follows acceptable suggestion
  • often relaxation and pain relief can be achieved
53
Q

What is relaxation?

A
  • thought of as form of self-hypnosis
  • physical relaxation first, them psychlogical relaxation
  • used to treat stress-related physical and emotional problems, pain, anxiety, astham, arthritis, depression, panic attacks, and hypertension
  • many forms of relaxation include repition of an action, images, sounds
  • some meditation techniques can be used to establish relaxation response and r used in stress reduction prgoram
  • mediation is no reccomended for pt w/ certain personality disorders or active psychosis
54
Q

What is prayer in alt medicine?

A
  • mind-body therapy
  • used by many as a source of healing and comfort
  • some recent studies link posutive pt outcomes to prayers
  • some schools r including the value of spirtuality in holistic models of care
55
Q

What is reiki?

A
  • calims to transfer healing energy from practitioner to pt
  • usually practitioner starts ritual at pt head and either touches the head or moves the hands close to head within pt aura
  • practiitoner’s hands then touch toher parts of pt body or hands move into aura space outlining body
  • healing energy then is transferred to pt
  • intention is to promtore physical, emotional and spirutal wellbeing
56
Q

What is music therapy?

A
  • involvement of vibirations, rhythms, and soung in well-being
  • listening to music by compsoers of Baroque period like mozart can help ahieve relaxation
  • music along w/ anesthesia or pain meds r used to elevate to create calming effect, to lessen muscle tension and toalleviate feelings of fear and anxiety by manifesting a state of relaxation
    = pt undergoing chemotherapy for cancer can benefit form music that induces relaxation
57
Q

What are some other kinds of alternative medicne

A
  • homeopathy
  • polarity therapy
  • Rolfing
  • tai chi
  • iridology
  • naturopathy
  • hydrotherapy
  • Ayurveda
58
Q

general principles of pt teaching

A
  • patient-centered care w/ ptbeing partenr in process of learning skills, solvign problems, and rpeventing complications
  • effective pt teaching requires skillful listening as pt express their undrestanding of their situations, their worries and their hopes
  • education process is ongoing, interactive and directed toward achieveing pt plan of care
  • course of action that involves assessment, critical thing and compromse
  • effective policies indicate who has primary legal responsiblity for tp teachig and documentation
59
Q

goals of pt teaching?

A
  • encourage pt to compy w/ personaliezed med treatment plan
  • offer guidance, support, and clear instruction to pt and family/ caregiver
  • developing trusting relationshiop w/ pt through empathy, effective communication, knowledge abt subject matter being taught
  • help pt learn how to effectively deal w/ conditions by making healthy lfiestyle choices
  • give individual confisence to take responsiblty for his or her health or recovery
60
Q

reasons for pt teaching

A
  • ease anxiety
  • answer questions
  • instill confidnece
  • evaluate pt perception of treatment plan + make adjustments
  • reinforce physicain instructions
  • highlight reasonable goals for recovery
  • encourage individual to take responiblity for health
  • buyild esteem that creates sense of self-sufficieny and control
  • education priamry caregiver or family
  • improve coping
  • provide opportunity to practice skills
  • reduce clinic visits and hospitalization
  • suply pt and caregiver w/ educational materials
  • suggest particiaption in approprite social support groups
  • supply list of phone numbers to call for question or medical concers
  • stress importantce of keeping future appointments
61
Q

What is preoptive care/

A
  • offer reasonable assuraunce
  • review preop instructions
  • ask pt if they understand what to expect
  • determine if pt needs further clarification abt benefits and risk
  • arrange for any preoperative blood work, radiology or scans
  • give alab phone numbers ad hours of service
  • give pt compelte directions and parking insutrctiosn
62
Q

What is postoperativ care?

A
  • after surgery make sure pt understand med plan, wound care, how to ttake meds, when to resume acitivty and work
  • pt needs reassurance abt pain control and what to epect during ercovery process
  • explain warning signs of complication: fever, bleeding, infection, shock, dehydration and emotional depression
  • pt and caregiver should be given written instruction and phone numbers of nurse or hypsical
  • make approatie refferls to support groups
  • make follow up appt
  • encourage to ask questions
  • long term tratemtn and med coners
63
Q

special considerations for pt with cancer or life-threatening disease?

A
  • keep pt and family from feelign abandoned
  • give verabal and written instructions
  • welcome feedback
  • encourage discussion abt side effects of meds, esp chemo, radiation
  • review warning signs they should report to physican (wt los, dehydration, pain not controlled by med)
  • adress physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of care
  • remember main fear of life-threatening illness r being in pain and becoming burden
    make approriate and timely referrals to support groups or comphrehensive programs of end-of-life care
  • reinforance concept of palliative care (goal is to prevent and ease suffering)
  • reff to hospital chapliain if spirtual distress
  • address caregiver’s concerns like adjusting to role changes, providing physicalcare and ethicl issues and dilemmas

Pathophysiology - Intro (15 decks)

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