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Pathophysiology - Intro > Immunity and Disease > Flashcards

Immunity and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what did the Egyptians use to relieve back pain in 1500 BCE?

A

dried myrtle leaves

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2
Q

What did Greek physican Hippocrates prescrive to relieve fever and pain in 200 BCE?

A

willow bark leaves

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3
Q

What did one of the early systematic descriptions of inflammation come from?

A

Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus

(25 b.c.–50 a.d.), who recorded its cardinal signs: heat, redness, swell-
ing, and pain.

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4
Q

What is the active ingredient in asprin + what is it derived from?

A

acetylsalicylic acid which derives from salicylic acid found in myrtle leaves and willow tree bark

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5
Q

What is immunity?

A

the body’s ability to resist infectious disease

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6
Q

What is the immune system?

A
  • assists body in maintaining ts functional integrity and it battles infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
  • distinguishes it’s own cell from other cells using distinctive self molecules
  • involves lymphoid tissue classified as primary (thymus and bone marrow) or secondary (tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer patches, appendix and so on)
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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any foreign substance that recognized as “nonself” and activates the immune system

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

nonspecific immunity and specific immunity

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9
Q

What is nonsepcific immunity?

A

immunity always prepared to defend the body against disease

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10
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

primed by an initial exposure to an antigen
before it can protect the body against disease
caused by that particular antigen.

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11
Q

What is another name for nonspecific immunity?

A

innate immunity bc it’s present at birth an dprovides immediate, short-term protection against any antigen

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12
Q

How do nonspecific immunity prevent pathogens?

A

it prevents entry through means such as physical barrieres (skin and mucous membranes + cellular and chemical defenses)

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13
Q

Examples of physical barriers that protect the bdy from pathogens?

A

intact sking (also produces chemical barriers through secretion such as tears, saliva, sweat, and sebum which destroy foreign invaders)
mucous membranes that line all body passages open to the exterior (secretes mucus to trap foregin materials and has cilia to line resporatory tract to sweep out debris and mucus trapped pathogens)

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14
Q

What destroys pathogens that make it past the skin and mucous membrane?

A

specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) called phagocytes - like macrophages and neutrophuls engulf + destroy pathogens (called phagocytosis)

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15
Q

Where do macropahges and neutrophils reside?

A

macrophages - below the epidermis and mucous membranes and in many tissues, phagocytose bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
polymorphonuclear Neutrophils - in blood but leave the blood and enter tissues at sites of injury and infection (phagocytose bacteria)

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16
Q

What is complement?

A

a group of plasma proteins that assist in the destruction of foreign cells (usually inactive but become active when attached to bacteria)

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17
Q

What does the activation of complement result in?

A

biochemical reactions leading to the lysis of bacteria (ruptures the cell membrane) along with attracting phagocytes to enhance inflammatory response

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18
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

types of leukocyte that recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells and cancer cells (Not phagocytic) by secreting chemicals that cause pores to form in the membrane of a target cell - death

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19
Q

What are interferons?

A

antiviral portiens produced by some animal cells after viral infection which stimulate nearby uninfected cells to resist viral infection (also increase activity of macrophages and natural killer cells)

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20
Q

What have interferons been used to treat?

A

infections such as hepatitis B and C and some cancers (melanoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma)

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21
Q

What is a fever?

A

an abnormally high body temperature (systemic response to an infection)

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22
Q

What are some of the benefits of a fever?

A

slowing the growth rate of some pathogens
increasing the effect of interferons
enhancing phagocytosis
stimulating antibody production
accelerating tissue repair.

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23
Q

s/s of very high fevers?

A

dehydration, nausea, disorientation, hallucina-
tions, seizures, and convulsions.

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24
Q

What is inflammation triggered by?

A

infection, trauma, intense heat, and hcemicals

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25
Q

What does inflammation prevent?

A

spread of pathogens, disposes of cell debris and pathogens & aids in repair of damaged tissue

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26
Q

What do damage cells do after an injury?

A

release potent chemical signals (like histamines and kinins) which causes bv in the area to dilate and vcome more pameable (inflammation) as well as attracting phagocytes and clotting proteins

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27
Q

What is pus?

A

debris and dead + dying cells after an inflammatory response

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28
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

when the immune system encounters
and responds to an antigen, the body is able to
respond quickly to future exposures to the same
antigen.

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29
Q

What is immunologic memory?

A

bodies ability to remember past encounters with pathogens

30
Q

What are the 2 types of tic immunity?

A

humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

31
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A
  • aka antibody-mediated immunity
  • protects body against bacterial and viral infections and reinfections
  • once activated by antigens B cell produces antibodies as defense against extracellular antigens such as bacterial toxins and bacterial cells.
32
Q

Another name for antibodies + function

A

immunoglobulins which provide a defense against extracellular antigens like bacterial toxins and bacterial cells

33
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • formerly termed the reticuloendothelial system
  • mononuclear phagocytic system
  • defense against viruses abnormal cells and other intracellular pathogens
  • T cells
  • responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants
  • defends the body against viral and fungal attacks
34
Q

Where to t and b cells origniate?

A

red bone marrow

35
Q

Where to t cells develop?

A

leaves bone marrow at immature t cells and enters the thymus where they develop ability to react with unique antigen

36
Q

Where do t and b cells wait before being activated?

A

the lymph nodes and spleen

37
Q

What does the first exposure to an antigen trigger?

A

humoral immunity by directly binding to a receptor on the surface of a b cell which develop into plasma cells that live for 4-5 days and secrete antibodies

38
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

bind to antigens which makes them easier targets for phagocytes and complement

39
Q

What is purpose of memory b cells

A

produces more antibodies faster after the first response

40
Q

What kind of t cell is activated by antigen + what happens?

A

Helper t cells (CD4 cell) r activated by an atigen presented to it by a phagocyte after which is produces clone CD$ cells and long-lived memory t cells

41
Q

What do the helper t cell clones do?

A

stimulate antibody production by plasma cells, increase phagocytosis, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells and macrophages
- stimulate B cells to differntiate into plasma cells and produce more antibodies
- carry CD4 glycoprotein

42
Q

What are cytotoxic t cells (CD8)

A

cells activated by antigens displayed on infected cells, abnormal cells, and transplanted organs and tissues and kills them
- directly destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells and allograft cells by releasing certain toxins or by indicing apoptosis
- carry CD8 glycoprotein

43
Q

What is IgG

A

important to primary and secondary response

crosses the placenta and protects fetus

activates complement

44
Q

IgM

A

1st antibody produced in priamry reposne to antigen

activates complement

45
Q

IgA

A

Protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with abiltiy of pathogens to adhere to cells

46
Q

IgE

A

stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation

47
Q

IgD

A

activates B cells

48
Q

B cells …

Type of immunity:
Antibody secretion:
Primary target:
Site of origin:
Where antigen recognition is developed:
Memory cell formation:

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Yes
  3. Extracellular pathogens
  4. Red bone marrow
  5. Red bone marrow
  6. Yes
49
Q

T cells …

Type of immunity:
Antibody secretion:
Primary target:
Site of origin:
Where antigen recognition is developed:
Memory cell formation:

A
  1. Cell-mediated
  2. No
  3. Intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
  4. Red bone marrow
  5. Thymus
  6. Yes
50
Q

Why does immune system function decrease with age?

A

as humans age the thymus atrophies = less number and diversity of t cells (less t cells to respond to new antigens)

means vacciness are less useful in old ppl

51
Q

What vaccines still reduce mortality in older adults?

A

influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, and tetanus

52
Q

What are agglutination reactions of antigens and antibodies

A

used to detect bacterial and viral diseases and are used in blood typing

53
Q

What is enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

A

it uses an enzyme labeled either antibody or antigen in order to detect for infectious disease (specifically enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA])

54
Q

What is western blot used to detect?

A

Detects presence of antibodies in pt serum

55
Q

What is fluorescent antibody technique?

A

Uses an antibody labeled with a fluorescent molecule to detect its antigen

56
Q

Flow cytometry?

A

identifies and counts cells that have a particular antigen

57
Q

What is a flourescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) used for

A

used to count helper t cells to Wfollow the progression of HIV/AIDS

58
Q

What is C-reactive protein and erythrocyre sedimentation test measure?

A

general levels of inflammation in the body

59
Q

course of healing and inflammatio?

A
  1. tissue injury
  2. acute inflammation
  3. release of chemical mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins) lead to vasodilation and increased blood flow (hot, red), increased capillary permeability (edema, pain), chemotaxis (WBC to area) and irritation of nerve endings (pain)
  4. increased capillary permeability leading to clot and fibrin mesh walls off area and chemotaxis leading to phagocytosis (remove cause) collectively lead to prepartation for healing
  5. if cause persists it leads to chronic inflammation resulting acute inflammation and scar tissue (fibrosis)
  6. Healing = scar tissue (fibrosis), regeneration and resolution_
60
Q

What causes immune disorders?

A
  1. hypersensitivtiy (allergen) in which immune resposnse is excessive and triggered by specific allergens
  2. autoimmune diseases in which immun eresponse is overactive and misdirected against one’s own tissue
  3. immunodeficiency disorders in which immune response is inadequate
  4. attacks on beneficial foreing tissue (reaction to blood transfusions or transplanted organ rejection)
61
Q

What is immunocompetent and immunoincompetence mean?

A

immunocompetent - when immune system appropriately to an antigen and homestasis in maintained

immunoincompetent - if immune system’s response is inappropriate, either too weak or too strong, it results in disruption of homeostasis

62
Q

Types of transplant rejection

A
  1. Hyperacute reaction occurs during operation, remove transplanted organ immediately
  2. acute rejection occurs most often within first few weeks of transplantation or later when antirejection drugs become ineffectual
  3. chronic rejection over a period of months or years, vascular injury and inflammation of tissues and cells of the organ contribute to ultimate deterioration of transplanted organ
63
Q

How does the immune system work?

A
  • immune system is activated when foreign substances or antigens enter body by evadign its first line of defense
  • body recignize the antigen or immunogen usually a protein as foreign or nonself and produces antibodies in response to that specific antigen
  • antibody molecules have combining sites on surface and can combine with threatening cells, forming an antigen-antibody complex that renders the antigen harmless
  • immune system must be able to differntiate between self and foreign molecules, when it doesn’t than it;s an autoimmune disease
64
Q

Development of immunity in fetal life?

A
  • begins when fetal liver produces stem cells which in turn produce all cells of hematopoietic system *bone marrow assumes this role after birth)
  • some stem cells migrate to thymus alnd wherre they become T cells which multiply and develop the capacity to combine with specific foreign antigens derived from viruses, fungi, tumors or transplanted tissue
65
Q

What are supprerssor T cells ?

A
  • inhibit both B and T cell activies and moderate the immune response
66
Q

What are memory t cells?

A
  • remain dormant until they are reactivated by orignial antigen, allowing a rapid and more potent response years after oroginial exposure
67
Q

What are macrophages?

A
  • develop from monocytes, found in tissue of liver, lungs and lymph nodes
  • intercept and engulf the foreign invader antigens and then process and present them to T cell
68
Q

What are antibody-secreting plasma B cells responsible for?

A
  • respnosible for producing antibodies that attach to invading foreign antigens, thus marking the antigens for destruction by other cells of the immune system
69
Q

What is the purpose of b cells being coated w/ immunoglobulins + 5 classes of Ig?

A
  • giving them the ability to recognize foreign protein and stimulate an antigen-antibody reaction
  • 5 classes r IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE
70
Q

What are the actions of the antigen-antibody complex?

A
  • inactivation of the pathogen or its toxin through direct bindings
  • stimulation of phagocytosis throuh complement fixation, process by which an antibody tagets an infected cell for destruction by binding to cell surface (phagcytic clls recognize the antibody marker and engulf the infected cell)
71
Q

What are the acquired specific immunity?

A

active immunity - results when a person has had previous exposure to a disease or pathogen or when a person receives immunizations against a disease to stimulate the production of a specific antibody
(permanent protection)

passive - bypass the bodyś immune response to afford benefit of immediate antibody availability (by being given immune substances created outside that person´s body for temproary immunity, such as antibodies received through placentra, when breast milk is fed to child, or when immune globulin (antibody-containing preparation made frmo plasma of healthy donors) is given to help a person combat disease

Pathophysiology - Intro (15 decks)

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