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Pathophysiology - Intro > Human Diseases A Symptomatic Approach > Flashcards

Human Diseases A Symptomatic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history?

A

Black Death

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2
Q

When and how did the Black Death arrive in Europe?

A

Oct 1347 through 12 Genoese trading ships docked at Sicilian port of Messina

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Black death?

A

mysterious black boils oozing blood and pus

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4
Q

How many people did the Black Death kill?

A

25 Million people (1/3 of Europe’s population) in 5 yrs

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5
Q

How is the Black death transmitted?

A

through Yersinia pestis bacteria which is transmitted to humans through fleas

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6
Q

What is the state of health?

A

Condition in whch human body performs its vital functions normally and a person can fully participate in their life

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions

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8
Q

What do organ systems maintain during homeostasis?

A

Temperature, pH, blood composition and fluid levels

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9
Q

What is disease?

A

A deviation from normal structure or functions that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions

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10
Q

What maintains glucose levels in the blood?

A

Insulin

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11
Q

What is Pathology?

A

The study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes associated with disease

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12
Q

What does the study of disease include?

A

study of disease’s causes, mechanisms, signs and symptoms, treatment and prevention

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13
Q

What is a pathologist?

A

A physician who studies and interprets the changes caused by disease by examining tissues, cells, organs and lab test results

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14
Q

How can a disease be recognized?

A

through observing signs and symptoms

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15
Q

What are signs?

A

evidence of disease observed on physical examination (abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever and sweating)

abnormal objective findings (evidence of disease by physical exam and diagnostic testing)

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16
Q

What are symptoms?

A

indications of disease reported by patients such as pain, dizziness and itching

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

frequent urination, extreme thirst, excessive hunger and wt loss

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18
Q

What is an asymptomatic disease + example?

A

a disease that causes no signs of symptoms (example is chlamydia)

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19
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

an abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together

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20
Q

Examples of syndromes?

A

AIDS, malabsorption syndrome, and Down syndrome

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21
Q

What is a disorder?

A

A functional abnormality, not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality

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22
Q

examples of disorders

A

ADHD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and hemorrhoids

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22
Q

examples of disorders

A

ADHD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and hemorrhoids

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23
Q

Disorders might be accompanied by specific signs and symptoms; however, _____________________________________.

A

their presence is not required for a condition to be termed a disorder

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24
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

a process of identifying a disease or disorder using multiple types of information such as signs and symptoms

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25
Q

What does a physical exam include?

A
  1. visual inspection of the external surfaces of body + movements and posture
  2. Palpation
  3. Ausculation
  4. Percussion
  5. Vital signs
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26
Q

What is palpation?

A

feeling the body with ­fingers
or hands, allows examination of
the size, consistency, texture, location,
and tenderness of an organ or body part.

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27
Q

What is ausculation?

A

listening to the lungs, heart,
and intestines, allows evaluation of the
frequency, intensity, duration, number,
and quality of sounds originating in the
body

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28
Q

What is percussion?

A

producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or a small instrument to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas.

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29
Q

What are examples of vital signs?

A

pulse, resp rate, blood presure, and temp

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30
Q

What are some examples of lab tests?

A

analyzing the composition of urine, blood, throat swabs, stool, sputum, etc.

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31
Q

What is electrocardiography?

A

reads the heart’s electrical impulses

32
Q

What is Radiography?

A

uses xrays to visualize internal structures?

33
Q

What is Computed tomography (CT)

A

scan uses computers and x-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal structures

34
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

analyzes tissue responses to a strong magnetic field to create images of internal structures

35
Q

Ultrasound

A

analyzes the interaction of low-frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal organs

36
Q

what is nuclear medicine?

A

uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs.

37
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

predicted course and outcome of disease (chances for complete recovery, predict the permanent loss of function, or give probability of survival)

38
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

diseases with sudden onset and short duration

39
Q

Examples of acute disease?

A

influenza, measles and common cold

40
Q

What are terminal diseases?

A

those ending in death

41
Q

What is a chronic diseaase?

A

those with a slower, less severe onset and a long duration of months or years

42
Q

Examples of chronic diseases?

A

heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arthritis

43
Q

Chronic diseases account for _ in 10 deaths in the US and - in 10 deaths worldwide

A

7 and 6

44
Q

Where is chronic diseases among the leading causes of death?

A

wealthy western countries

45
Q

Top 10 Leading causes of death in US

A
  1. diseases of the heart
  2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer)
  3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases
  4. Cerebrovascular diseases (strokwe)
  5. Accidents
  6. Alzheimer’s disease
  7. Diabetes mellitus
  8. Nephritis, nephroitc syndrome and nephrosis
  9. Influenza/ pneumonia
  10. Suicide
46
Q

Top 10 leading causes of death in the world

A
  1. ischemic heart disease
  2. stroke and other cerebrovascular disease
  3. lower respiratory infections
  4. chronic obstrucutve pulmonary disease
  5. diarrheal disease
  6. HIV/AIDS
  7. Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers
  8. Tuberculosis
  9. Diabetes
  10. Road traffic accidents
47
Q

What is predicted to be the 4 leading cod in tohe workd in 2030?

A

heart disease, stroke, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and
lower respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia).

48
Q

What is remission?

A

a period in which its signs and symptoms subside or disappear

49
Q

What is exacerbation

A

a period when signs and symptoms grow more severe

50
Q

What are some examples of diseases that have periods pof remission, recurrence and sometimes exacerabtion

A

leukemia and ulcerative colitis

51
Q

What is a complication?

A

a related disease or abnormal state that develops in a person aldreading suffering from a disease

52
Q

What is a common complication of leukemi, cancer and chronic kidney disease?

A

Anemia

53
Q

What is the afternath of a particular disease call?

A

the sequela (sequel_

54
Q

What is mortality?

A

the number of deaths that occur among ppl with a certain disease

55
Q

What can illness cause to society?

A

lost days of work and school, lead to disability, incur medical expenses, and have a big impact of society

56
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The number of cases of a disease in a population?

57
Q

in 2009 there were
an estimated ________ new human immunodefi-
ciency virus (HIV) infections in the United States.

A

48,100

58
Q

What is prevalence?

A

ZThe percent of the population affeted with a particular disease at a given time?

59
Q

at the end of 2009 an
estimated _________ persons aged 13 and older
were living with HIV infection in the United
States.

A

1,148,200

60
Q

What is the importance of prevalence data?

A

allows determination of the impact and significance of a disease for a given population

61
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of the occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease

62
Q

What do epidemiologist use to develop methods to prevent and control diseases?

A

prevalence and icidence data and information abou geographic distribtuon of disease

63
Q

Top 10 leading causes of death in low income counrties

A
  1. Lower respiratory infections
  2. Diarrhea disease
    3, HIV/AIDS
  3. Ischemic heart disease
  4. Malaria
  5. Stroke and other cerebrovascular
    disease
  6. Tuberculosis
  7. Prematurity and low birth weight
  8. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma
  9. Neonatal infections
64
Q

Top 10 leading causes of death in high-income countries?

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. Stroke and other cerebrovascular
    disease
  3. Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
  4. Alzheimer’s and other dementias
  5. Lower respiratory infections
  6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary
    disease
  7. Colon and rectum cancers
  8. Diabetes mellitus
  9. Hypertensive heart disease
  10. Breast cancer
65
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A
  • development of diseease occurs in stages
  • for infection it would be incubation stage, fperiod of full-blown symptoms, then remission or convalescene
66
Q

What are predisposing factors + example?

A
  • aka risk factors, make person or group more vulnerable to disease
  • ex: access to preventitive health care, genetic diseases, infection, inflammation and repair, neoplasms, physical trauma, cheimcal agents, malnutrtion, immune disorders, aging, psychological factors, mental disorders, age, gender, lifestyle, environment, heredity and immunodieficeincy
67
Q

How is age a predisposing factor?

A
  • from complications during pregancy and postpartum period to maladies associated with aging some increases risk of diseases r simpy intrinisic to one’s stage in human life cycle
68
Q

How is gender a predisposing factor?

A
  • certain disease r more common in women (multiple scleorissis and osteoporsis) and in men (gout and Parkinson disease)
69
Q

How is lifestyle a predisposing factor?

A
  • occupation, habits, one’s usual manner of living
    • able to alter by promoting health like stopping smoking, excessibe drinkining of alc, risky sexual behavior, poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and certain psychological stressors
70
Q

How is environment a predisposing factor?

A
  • air pollution and water pollution increase risk for diseases like cancer and pulmonary
  • poor living conditions, excessive noise, chronic psychological stress and geographic lication conducive to disease proliferation
71
Q

How is heredity a predisposing factor?

A
  • genetic predisposition (inheritance) currently is considered a major risk factor
  • family history of coronary disease, cancer, certain arthritic conditions and renal disease
  • if successive generation then equal in males and females
  • heredity diseases r often a result of combined effect of inheritance and environemntal
  • ex: metnal illness, cancer, hypertension, heart diseease and diabetes (smoking + sedentary lifestyle compound risk of heart disease and cancer)
72
Q

How is immunodefciency a predisposing factor?

A
  • inadequate or absent immune system ameks an individual susceptible to infections, diseeases and harmful substances
  • degree of risk depends on which componetnrs r inadeuqte or absent
  • if autoimmune disease that immune system is targeting one’s own body
73
Q

What is inflammation

A
  • when injury and disease impose stress and disrupt or destroy cellular function acute inflammation (normal, protective, physiologic response to tissue injury and disease, is accompanied by redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function) occurs
  • wide spread inflammation is marked by systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise and loss of appetite (blood test may show eleveated WBC or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR))
  • induced by infection, toxins, physical trauma, ischemia and necrosis
74
Q

What is a marker to detect inflammatory disorders?

A
  • cross reactive protein (CRP)
75
Q

What is physical trauma?

A
  • major cause of death in children and young adults
  • common acute injury r falls, motor vehicle accidents (including those involving pedestrians), physical abuse, domestic violence, penetrating injuries, multiple types of injuries from military combat, drowning and burns
  • need precise assessment, management to prevent infeciton, minimize insult to body’s tissues, to combat shock and hemorrahge and restore homesotasis
76
Q

What are chemical agents/ irritants?

A
  • potentially injurous include pollutants, poisons, drugs, preservatives, cosmetics and dyes
  • known bioterrorism infectious agents that can cause severe toxic trauma
  • extreme heat or cold, radiation, electrical shock and insect and snake bites
77
Q

What is malnutrition?

A
  • result of deficient diet or disease condition that doesn’t allwo body to break down, absorb or use food
  • ex is protein-calorie malnutrion (kwashirkor) (starvation associated with famine), eds, iron deficiency, anemia, obesity and hypervitaminoses

Pathophysiology - Intro (15 decks)

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