Cancer stages Flashcards
What does T stand for
Tmor
TX
tumor cant be measured
TO
no evidence of priamry tumor
Tis
Cancer cells are only growing in
the most superficial layer of tissue,
without growing into deeper tissues.
This may also be called in situ cancer
- melanoma in situ (atypical hyperplasia, severe melanotic dysplasis)
T1-4
Describe the tumor size and/or amount
of spread into nearby structures. The
higher the T number, the larger the
tumor and/or the more it has grown
into nearby tissues
N
nodes
NX
nearby lymph nodes cant be evaluated
NO
nearby lymph nodes dont contain cancer
N1-3
Describe the size, location, and/or the
number of lymph nodes involved. The
higher the N number, the more lymph
nodes there are that contain cance
Metasis cancer staging
MX - Metastasis cannot be evaluated
MO - No distant metastasis was found
M1 - Distant metastases were found
M1a - metastasis to skin, subcutaneous tissue, distant lymph nodes, normal lactage dehydrogenase (LDH)
M1b - metastases to lungs, normal LDH
M1c - all other bsiceral metases w/ normal LDH, any distant metastasis w/ elevated LDH
What is staging?
- reflects tumor size and extent of tumor spread
- if type of cancer is more prevalent in less deceloped countries like cervical cancer than staged clinically
- for some cancers like endometrial neoplasms complete staging = surgical removal of entire organ and examine by pathologist
T1
tumor is < 1mm
a = w/o ulceration ad mitosis < 1/mm^2
b = w/ ulceration and mitosis > 1/mm^2
T2
tumor is > 1mm but not > than 2 mm
a = w/o ulceration
b = w/ ulceration
T3
tumor is > 2mm but not > than 4 mm
a = w/o ulceration
b = w/ ulceration
T4
tumor is > 4mm
a = w/o ulceration
b = w/ ulceration
