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Pathophysiology - Intro > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

oldest decription of cancer?

A

discovered in Egypt and dates back to about 3000 BC (describes breast cancer)

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2
Q

What is cancer ?

A

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body leading to the development of neoplasms (tumors)

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3
Q

In the United States ______ of all men and _______ of all women will develop cancer during their lifetimes.

A

1/2 of men
1/3 of women

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4
Q

Cancer accounts for _____ of deaths

A

1 OUT OF 4

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5
Q

Approximately ________ new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2013 with ________ expected to die

A

1,660,290, 580,350 die

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6
Q

How do tumors form

A

aka neoplasm, caused by uncontrolled cell growth (when cells dont die when they are supposed to or new cells form when not needed)

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7
Q

How are tumors characterized?

A
  • benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer)
  • cell type
  • tissue of origin
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8
Q

What are some cancers that don’t form soloid tumors?

A

leukemia
lymphoma
myeloma

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9
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

slow growing, remains local (doesn’t metastasize through blood or lymph), and isn’t life threatening

rarely reoccurs after removal, r encapsulated, cells look unifrom and like origin cells

no tissue destruction, not prone to hemorrhage, smooth and freely movable

s/s related to location w/ obstruction and/or compression

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10
Q

What r malignant tumors

A

life threatening, grow fast, can metasize, have crab-like apperance and an irregular surface, hard to remove

  • ulceration and/ord necrosis, prone to hemorrhage, irregular and less movable
  • cachezia, pain, fatal if not controlled
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11
Q

What is a polyp?

A

benign tumor projecting from an epithelial surface

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12
Q

What are most bengin tumors named?

A

with suffix oma

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13
Q

what are epithelial malignant tumors called

A

adding carcinoma to prefix

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14
Q

what is a carcinoma?

A

common, slow growing tumor found in the breast, colon, liver, lung, prostate, skin, and stomach & usely spreads through the lymph

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15
Q

What are malignant tumors of the supportive tusses named?

A

after prefix suffix sarcoma is added

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16
Q

wherre are sarcomas found?

A

in muscle, bone and cartilage, less common, grow faster and metastasize through blood

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17
Q

biggest risk factors for cancer:

A

age, tobacco use, infections, radiation, immunosuppressive medications

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18
Q

About __% of all cancers are diagnosed in persons 55 years of age and older.

A

77

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19
Q

Cigarette smoking causes about ____% of all cancer deaths in the United States.

A

30

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20
Q

Having human papillomavirus increases the risk for?

A

cervix, penis, vagina, anus and vulva cancer

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21
Q

Having hepatitis B and hepaitis C increases the risk for?

A

liver cancer

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22
Q

Having Epstein-Barr increases the risk for?

A

lymphoma and nasopharynx cancer

23
Q

Having Human herpesvirus 8 increases the risk for?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

24
Q

Having Human T-lymphotrophic virus- 1 increases the risk for?

A

adult t-cell leukemia

25
Q

Having helicobacter pylori increases the risk for?

A

gastric cance r

26
Q

What does ultraviolet radiation lead to?

A

it’s the main cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer

27
Q

What is ionizing radiation + what does it lead to?

A

Includes medical radiation (x-rays, ct scans, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine scans,) and radon gas in our homes

28
Q

Why does immunosppressive medication lead to cancer?

A

if a cell has a mutation the immune system is supposed to pick it up but immunosuppressants means it can’t detect or kill it using natural killer cells or cytotoxic t cells

29
Q

What are general signs of cancer?

A

unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain,
and skin changes (hyperpigmentation, jaundice, erythema, pruritis, excessive hair growth)

30
Q

why does unexplained wt loss may = cancer

A

Cancer cells may be competing for nutrients

31
Q

WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGY OF CANCER?

A

IT’S UNKNOWN BUYT THERE ARE GENETIC FACTORS AS WELL AS LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

32
Q

What are the 4 types of genes responsible for cell division process?

A

oncogenes - tels cells when to divide
tumor suppressor genes - tells cells when to not divide
suicide genes - controls apoptosis (programmed cell death - tells cell to kill itself if something goes wrong)
DNA repair genes - instructs a cell to repair it’s damaged DNA

33
Q

Mutations inherited from parent to
child account for _______% of all cancers.

A

5–10

34
Q

Inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor ______________ genes increases a woman’s risk of developing hereditary breast or ovarian cancers

A

BRCA1 or BRCA2

35
Q

More than ___% of all cancers involve an acquired
mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53.

A

50

36
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

cancer-causing agents or substances

37
Q

how are blood tests used to diagnose cancer?

A

some chemicals may be abnormally high or low
tumor markers (chemicals made by tumor cells) can be detected in the blood (tumor markers r made by normal cells too tho)

38
Q

what is radiography?

A

Use of x rays to form a still or moving picture of the inside of the body

39
Q

how do potenital malignant tumors appear on mammograms

A

as small white areas

40
Q

What is computed tomogrpahy?

A

scanning type of radiography that creates a threedimensional picture of the inside of the body with an x-ray machine

41
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

type of scanning using magnetic field to induce tissues to emit radio waves (may use a contrast medium)

42
Q

What is a biopsy

A

removal of a small tissue sample to view under a microscope

43
Q

What cancers have unique grading scales?

A

prostate, breast and kidney

44
Q

What cancers have unique grading scales?

A

prostate, breast and kidney

45
Q

What is the grades for cancer

A

Grade 1 - Tumor cells look almost normal
Grade 2 - Tumor cells look slightly abnormal
Grade 3 - Tumor cells look abnormal
Grade 4 - Tumor cells look very abnormal

46
Q

Main types of cancer?

A
  • carcinoma (epithelial cells)
  • sarcoma (supportive tissue like bone and muscle)
  • lymphoma (lymph nodes and tissue of immune system)
  • leukemia (cancer of blood cell precursors)
  • melanoma (cancer of melanocyres)
47
Q

cause of cancer?

A
  • external exposure to carcinogens (chemicals, radiation and viruses)
  • internal factors (hormones, immune condition and inherited mutations)
48
Q

Primary prevention guidelines for cancer?

A
  1. consume diet rich in fruits, veggies and whole grains (limit processed and red meats)
  2. elimiate arive and passive exposure to ciagarette exposure
  3. limit skin exposure to sunlight
    - limit alc
    - avoid excessive exposure to radiation and radon
    - avoid carinogens
    - increase physical activity
    - maintain healthy wt
    - protect against STIs
49
Q

In the United States ___ of deaths are associated with cancer

A

1/4

50
Q

What is the tumor marker of primary and metastatic prostate cancer?

A
  • elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
51
Q

What is the most frequently reported survival peruid?

A
  • 5 yrs
  • reported as overall 5-yr survival which takes int account all the ppl (regardless of stage ) w/ taht cancer who r still alive or can be reported to reflect 5 yr survival rate for ppl in each stage
52
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate of all cancers?

A

68%

53
Q

What is the 5 yr survival rate for Stage IV colon cancer/

A

6%

54
Q

Other factors that impact prognosis?

A
  • age
  • serum concentration of any tumor markers
  • time btwn diagnosis and treatment
  • grade of tumor (determnied through microscopic evalv of tumor or biopsy specimen)
  • grade is assigned on basis of differentation of tumor cells (well differntiatied = retain features of tussue cells they derived from, poorly differntiateed, hig-grade tumorcells r more abnormal in appearance) (high grade has more mitoses and r assocaited w/ poorer survival)

Pathophysiology - Intro (15 decks)

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