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Pathophysiology - Intro > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

oldest decription of cancer?

A

discovered in Egypt and dates back to about 3000 BC (describes breast cancer)

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2
Q

What is cancer ?

A

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body leading to the development of neoplasms (tumors)

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3
Q

In the United States ______ of all men and _______ of all women will develop cancer during their lifetimes.

A

1/2 of men
1/3 of women

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4
Q

Cancer accounts for _____ of deaths

A

1 OUT OF 4

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5
Q

Approximately ________ new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2013 with ________ expected to die

A

1,660,290, 580,350 die

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6
Q

How do tumors form

A

aka neoplasm, caused by uncontrolled cell growth (when cells dont die when they are supposed to or new cells form when not needed)

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7
Q

How are tumors characterized?

A
  • benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer)
  • cell type
  • tissue of origin
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8
Q

What are some cancers that don’t form soloid tumors?

A

leukemia
lymphoma
myeloma

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9
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

slow growing, remains local (doesn’t metastasize through blood or lymph), and isn’t life threatening

rarely reoccurs after removal, r encapsulated, cells look unifrom and like origin cells

no tissue destruction, not prone to hemorrhage, smooth and freely movable

s/s related to location w/ obstruction and/or compression

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10
Q

What r malignant tumors

A

life threatening, grow fast, can metasize, have crab-like apperance and an irregular surface, hard to remove

  • ulceration and/ord necrosis, prone to hemorrhage, irregular and less movable
  • cachezia, pain, fatal if not controlled
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11
Q

What is a polyp?

A

benign tumor projecting from an epithelial surface

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12
Q

What are most bengin tumors named?

A

with suffix oma

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13
Q

what are epithelial malignant tumors called

A

adding carcinoma to prefix

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14
Q

what is a carcinoma?

A

common, slow growing tumor found in the breast, colon, liver, lung, prostate, skin, and stomach & usely spreads through the lymph

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15
Q

What are malignant tumors of the supportive tusses named?

A

after prefix suffix sarcoma is added

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16
Q

wherre are sarcomas found?

A

in muscle, bone and cartilage, less common, grow faster and metastasize through blood

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17
Q

biggest risk factors for cancer:

A

age, tobacco use, infections, radiation, immunosuppressive medications

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18
Q

About __% of all cancers are diagnosed in persons 55 years of age and older.

A

77

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19
Q

Cigarette smoking causes about ____% of all cancer deaths in the United States.

A

30

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20
Q

Having human papillomavirus increases the risk for?

A

cervix, penis, vagina, anus and vulva cancer

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21
Q

Having hepatitis B and hepaitis C increases the risk for?

A

liver cancer

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22
Q

Having Epstein-Barr increases the risk for?

A

lymphoma and nasopharynx cancer

23
Q

Having Human herpesvirus 8 increases the risk for?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

24
Q

Having Human T-lymphotrophic virus- 1 increases the risk for?

A

adult t-cell leukemia

25
Having helicobacter pylori increases the risk for?
gastric cance r
26
What does ultraviolet radiation lead to?
it's the main cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer
27
What is ionizing radiation + what does it lead to?
Includes medical radiation (x-rays, ct scans, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine scans,) and radon gas in our homes
28
Why does immunosppressive medication lead to cancer?
if a cell has a mutation the immune system is supposed to pick it up but immunosuppressants means it can't detect or kill it using natural killer cells or cytotoxic t cells
29
What are general signs of cancer?
unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, and skin changes (hyperpigmentation, jaundice, erythema, pruritis, excessive hair growth)
30
why does unexplained wt loss may = cancer
Cancer cells may be competing for nutrients
31
WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGY OF CANCER?
IT'S UNKNOWN BUYT THERE ARE GENETIC FACTORS AS WELL AS LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
32
What are the 4 types of genes responsible for cell division process?
oncogenes - tels cells when to divide tumor suppressor genes - tells cells when to not divide suicide genes - controls apoptosis (programmed cell death - tells cell to kill itself if something goes wrong) DNA repair genes - instructs a cell to repair it's damaged DNA
33
Mutations inherited from parent to child account for _______% of all cancers.
5–10
34
Inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor ______________ genes increases a woman’s risk of developing hereditary breast or ovarian cancers
BRCA1 or BRCA2
35
More than ___% of all cancers involve an acquired mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53.
50
36
What are carcinogens?
cancer-causing agents or substances
37
how are blood tests used to diagnose cancer?
some chemicals may be abnormally high or low tumor markers (chemicals made by tumor cells) can be detected in the blood (tumor markers r made by normal cells too tho)
38
what is radiography?
Use of x rays to form a still or moving picture of the inside of the body
39
how do potenital malignant tumors appear on mammograms
as small white areas
40
What is computed tomogrpahy?
scanning type of radiography that creates a threedimensional picture of the inside of the body with an x-ray machine
41
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
type of scanning using magnetic field to induce tissues to emit radio waves (may use a contrast medium)
42
What is a biopsy
removal of a small tissue sample to view under a microscope
43
What cancers have unique grading scales?
prostate, breast and kidney
44
What cancers have unique grading scales?
prostate, breast and kidney
45
What is the grades for cancer
Grade 1 - Tumor cells look almost normal Grade 2 - Tumor cells look slightly abnormal Grade 3 - Tumor cells look abnormal Grade 4 - Tumor cells look very abnormal
46
Main types of cancer?
- carcinoma (epithelial cells) - sarcoma (supportive tissue like bone and muscle) - lymphoma (lymph nodes and tissue of immune system) - leukemia (cancer of blood cell precursors) - melanoma (cancer of melanocyres)
47
cause of cancer?
- external exposure to carcinogens (chemicals, radiation and viruses) - internal factors (hormones, immune condition and inherited mutations)
48
Primary prevention guidelines for cancer?
1. consume diet rich in fruits, veggies and whole grains (limit processed and red meats) 2. elimiate arive and passive exposure to ciagarette exposure 3. limit skin exposure to sunlight - limit alc - avoid excessive exposure to radiation and radon - avoid carinogens - increase physical activity - maintain healthy wt - protect against STIs
49
In the United States ___ of deaths are associated with cancer
1/4
50
What is the tumor marker of primary and metastatic prostate cancer?
- elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
51
What is the most frequently reported survival peruid?
- 5 yrs - reported as overall 5-yr survival which takes int account all the ppl (regardless of stage ) w/ taht cancer who r still alive or can be reported to reflect 5 yr survival rate for ppl in each stage
52
What is the 5 year survival rate of all cancers?
68%
53
What is the 5 yr survival rate for Stage IV colon cancer/
6%
54
Other factors that impact prognosis?
- age - serum concentration of any tumor markers - time btwn diagnosis and treatment - grade of tumor (determnied through microscopic evalv of tumor or biopsy specimen) - grade is assigned on basis of differentation of tumor cells (well differntiatied = retain features of tussue cells they derived from, poorly differntiateed, hig-grade tumorcells r more abnormal in appearance) (high grade has more mitoses and r assocaited w/ poorer survival)

Pathophysiology - Intro (15 decks)

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