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FOUNDATIONS 310 > Infection Prevention > Flashcards

Infection Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

5 non specific natural defenses with examples

A
  1. anatomic : skin
  2. mechanical : cilia
  3. chemical : acidity of secretions
  4. local tissue factors: inflammation
  5. WBC fxn: fever and phagocytosis
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2
Q

Neutrophil

A

Granulocyte

  • phagocyte
  • link in generating fever
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3
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granulocyte

-allergic rxn

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4
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocyte

  • unknown fxn
  • contain heparin and histamine in granules
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5
Q

T lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • synthesis of immunoglobulins
  • stimulate B lymphocyte
  • 3 types: helper, killer, suppressor
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6
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • synthesis of antibodies
  • humoral immunity
  • stimulated by T lymphocyte Helper T
  • form memory cells
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7
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranulocyte

  • “Macrophage”
  • dispose of cellular debris
  • increase in late stage infection/chronic infection
  • increase in response to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection
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8
Q

What is goal of inflammatory response?

A

contain microorganisms when there is injury

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9
Q

What are the 5 signs of LOCAL inflammation

A
  1. erythema
  2. warmth
  3. edema
  4. pain
  5. functional impairment
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10
Q

What are the 5 signs of SYSTEMIC inflammation

A
  1. fever
  2. leukocytosis
  3. malaise
  4. sepsis
  5. anorexia
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11
Q

What changes in routine vital signs with increase in inflammatory response?

A

Increase: heart rate, RR, temp

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12
Q

Temp change correlated to heart rate

A

1 degree celsius increase means heart rate increase 10 BPM

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13
Q

4 types of immunity

A
  1. cellular
  2. humoral
  3. active
  4. passive
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14
Q

Cellular immunity

A

t cell maintain a memory of an antigen for rapid response

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15
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B lymphocyte remain in lymphoid tissue and respond if antigen comes back

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16
Q

Active immunity examples

A
  • natural (get sick)

- vaccination

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17
Q

Passive immunity

A
  1. placenta to fetus
  2. breast milk to newborn
  3. direct transfusion (monoclonal anitbodies and covid)
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18
Q

Endotoxins are released by which antigen?

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

What does a compromised immune system mean?

A

Low WBC count- inability to fight off infection

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20
Q

What do endotoxins do?

A

Trigger inflammatory response into overdrive

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21
Q

5 things that compromise the host?

A
  1. impaired skin integrity
  2. impaired mechanical fxn
  3. inadequate nutrition
  4. prolonged stress
  5. medicine or medical problems
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22
Q

impaired skin integrity examples

A
  1. injury to skin
  2. surgical incision
  3. invasive device
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23
Q

impaired mechanical fx and infection prevention examples

A
  1. trach
  2. sedation
  3. smoking
24
Q

Prolonged stress and infection prevention

A

-CORTISOL which leads to HYPERGLYCEMIA which leads to increase bacterial growth

25
Q

medications that increase infection

A

chemo, steroids, improper use of antibiotics

26
Q

4 stages of infection

A
  1. incubation
  2. prodromal
  3. acute
  4. convalescence
27
Q

incubation

A
  • pathogen enters

- initial symptoms

28
Q

prodromal

A

-vague nonspecific sxs: nausea, fever, weakness, aches/pain

29
Q

acute phase

A
  • specific symptoms
  • usually test here
  • symptom resolution
  • lab tests
30
Q

convalescence phase

A
  • antibodies formed

- body returns to normal

31
Q

sepsis =

A

severe infection that reached blood stream

32
Q

Endotoxin and sepsis

A

endotoxin leads to shock and makes it harder to profuse all of the organs

endotoxins → inflammatory response → shock → hypotension

33
Q

early symptoms of sepsis =

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome
hypothermia ( T < 36C) or hyperthermia (T >38C)
HR >90
RR >20 (tachypnea) or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg
WBCs >12,000 or WBCs <4,000 (cells per microliter)
need 2 or more to be called SIRS

34
Q

systemic inflammatory response syndrome temp

A

T > 38 or < 36 C

35
Q

systemic inflammatory response syndrome heart rate

A

HR >90 BPM

36
Q

systemic inflammatory response syndrome RR

A

RR >20 OR PaCO2 <32mmHg

37
Q

systemic inflammatory response syndrome WBC

A

WBC >12,000 or <4,000 units

38
Q

How many need to qualify for systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

2 or more

39
Q

Location of pain indicates…..

A

location of infection

40
Q

UTI - urine looks like…

A

cloudy, whitish, yellowish, purulent

41
Q

Abscess =

A

pocket or purulent drainage

42
Q

What sxs occur when small or large intestine is inflamed from pathogen?

A
  • diarrhea

- increase peristalsis or hyperactive bowel sounds

43
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

increase WBC count

44
Q

Neutrophils are normally ____% of WBC

A

50

45
Q

Higher # of Neutrophils =

A

body is fighting infection well

46
Q

Shift to left =

A

more immature granulocytes (bands) to fight infection

  • neutrophils are depleted
  • chronic or severe infection
47
Q

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

A
  • reduced by chemo

- patients must take additional precautions if low: “neutropenic precautions”

48
Q

Neutropenic precautions

A
  • limit visitors
  • pt wear mask out of room
  • gentle oral care, no flossing
  • no razors
  • no rectal temp
  • no stagnant water/flowers/potted plants
  • avoid crowds
  • hand hygeine
  • visitor wear mask/gown/gloves
49
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A
  • increased with infection

- impacted by other factors so not for diagnosis alone

50
Q

Lactate

A
  • sepsis indicator
  • anerobic metabolism, decreased O2 to tissue
  • lactate changes occur before hypotension sets in from shock
51
Q

situations that call for obtaining cultures when an infection is suspected

A
  • productive cough
  • invasive line
  • purulent drainage
  • parasites
52
Q

Peak level

A
  • highest amount of drug

- shortly after drug administered

53
Q

Trough level

A
  • lowest level of drug

- right before dose is administered

54
Q

Why do we get peak and trough levels for antibiotics?

A

-prevent oto and nephro toxicity

55
Q

When is trough level drawn?

A

30 minutes before next dose

56
Q

Shivering paradox

A

-anything cold makes someone shiver so giving cold drink when having a fever will only make them warmer

57
Q

Common nursing diagnosis that almost anyone will have

A

risk for infection

FOUNDATIONS 310 (28 decks)

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