indiv dif 3 Flashcards
Digman’s added hierachy to big 5 model
What did Musek add to this
He added 2 categorie which the big 5 can fall into.
Alpha factor (Stability) = Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness
Beta factor (Plasticity) = Extraversion, Openness
Musek added the big one = general personality factor. Combination of positive, socially desirable aspects of personality.
Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma
Trade off between breadth and accuracy
broader, higher levels (e.g. big 5) predict more behaviours but with lower accuracy
Measure smth lower allows to predict fewer behaviours with more accuracy
How was the Authoritarian personality empirically tested?
Go/no go trial.
Neural response to this measured.
Signals that indicate detection of a change in behaviour.
Predicted that the more conservative, have higher responses to the no-go signals.
suggesting those who are higher in conservatism are more sensitive to the signals. indicate a change in behaviour.
ppl high in conservatism also performed more incorrectly
suggests Authoritarian type has a genetic basis and therefore sits more stably as a personality trait rather than just an attitude.
Continuity hypothesis
there is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and illness. (can be normally distributed)
schizotypy
if there is no discontinuity in normality and illness, we should be able to find personality traits in non clinical populations that are related to psychosis.
correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia.
- Reflects genetic/biological vulnerability to psychosis.
concepts/measures of schizotypy
O-LIFE measure of schizotypy
- Unusual experiences:
- Cognitive Disorganisation
-Introvertive Anhedonia
-impulsive non conformity
Unusual experiences aspect of schizotypy
non clinical experiences of perceptual distortions, hallucinations, magical thinking.
Cognitive Disorganisation schiztypy
non clinical cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety etc.
Introvertive Anhedonia
related to lack of enjoyment from social sources, and dislike of intimacy.
impulsive non conformity
Related to impulsive and disinhibited behaviour
e.g. smash things
evidence for conceptual validity of schizotypy
SORT THIS OUT
negative priming = a measure of cognitive inhibition. Is reduced in schizophrenia . (conducted stroop task).
3 conditions.
- baseline. just colour x
2 stroop (standard stroop)
3 priming condition
(distractor words predicts next ink colour)
e.g. black (in blue ink) followed by yellow (in black ink) followed by green (in yellow ink) …
This task is harder, so took more time compared to standard stroop.
The difference between standard stroop and priming condition is the variable under investigation.
bigger diff = greater cog inhibition.
ppl with shiz have reduced cog inhibition.
ppl with schiz show smaller
negative priming effect
less effective in inhibiting name in the first place, so show reduced stroop effect.
so less additional interference in negative priming condition.
Would also expect to observe this non clinical populations with schizotypy
This was found.
machiavelli key principles in his book`
- Better to be feared than loved (both ideally)
- Trust no one
- Make decisions for the benefit of the group, with the absence of morality. Ends justify means
- Be cunning and strong
- make friends with powerful ppl
- Importance of how you appear to be
Christie and Geis took machiavelli’s book and developed what
how was its validity measured
mach IV test. 20 item likert scale test, measuring machiavellianism
Confederates persuaded p.p to cheat on a task. p.p were then accused of cheating by the experimenter.
Eye contact made w experimenter was DV.
predicted that high in Mach would make more eye contact as they would find it easier to lie and be less nervous.
It was found that those high in Mach made more eye contact
The Dark triad involves
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy.
overlapping yet distinct dark features which involve social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity
Narcissism (in dark triad)
From greek Narcissus (fell in love w own reflection)
- feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement.
- Subclinical measure of Narcissistic personality disorder
Psychopathy
nonclinical features of psychopaths
- Impulsivity and thrill seeking
- Superficial charm, manipulative
- Low empathy, remorse, guilt
The dark triad personality type is associated with
- Preference for short term relationships
- ‘Night-time’ chronotype (awake and active later in the day)
- Cruelty to animals
- Attractiveness to others
The dark triad vs the big 5 models
The traits aren’t really correlated.
Those high on dark triad show a low agreeableness
Honesty/Humility from HEXACO model -.94 correlated
