Important (Exam 1) Flashcards
The blue and red in Hindmarsh powerpoints
Lacks a true membrane- delimited nucleus
procaryotic cells
have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
eucaryotic cells
___ cells are more complex morphologically and are usually larger than ___ cells
eucaryotic, procaryotic
True or false: No viruses can live in a host in a life long infection
false
life on Earth maybe how old?
3.5 billion years old
For every A on one strand there’s a __ on the other
T
Bacteria & Archaea increases genetic pool by ___ genes transfer within the same ___
horizontal, generation
what was the result of Swan Neck Flask Experiment?
no growth of microorganism
Still used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease
Koch’s Postulates
preparation and staining of specimen increases ___ of specimens
visibility
makes internal and external structures of cell more visible by increasing contrast with the background
dyes
prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in ___ and simplicity
size
arrangement is determined by two things:
place of division and separation or not
divides microorganism into groups based on their staining properties
differential staining
___ stain used to detect presence or absence of structures
differential
Most widely used differential staining procedure
gram staining
gram staining dives bacteria into two groups, gram __ & gram __ based on difference in ___ structure
positive, negative, cell wall
heated, double- staining technique
endospore staining
true or false: bacterial endospore is one color and vegetative cell is a different color
true
used to visualize polysaccharide capsules surrounded bacteria
capsule stain
__ stained capsules maybe colrless against a strained background
negative
mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella
flagella staining
in electron microscopy, __ replace light as the ‘illuminating’ beam.
electron
__ __ of electron beam is much shorter than light, resulting in __ resolution
wave length, higher
allows for study of microbial morphology in great detail
electron microscopy
when it comes to transmission electron microscope, electrons scatter when they __ (A)through __(Aa) section of a specimen, however electrons __ (B) off of a __ (Bb) section
A: pass Aa: thin B: bounce Bb: thick
transmitted electrons are under vacuum which )) scatter and are used to produce clear image
reduces
__ regions in specimen scatter __ electrons and appear __
denser, more, darker
Cocci (S. coccus) is __ shaped
sphere
coccobacili, very short rods
bacili (S. bacillus)
resemble rods, comma shaped
vibrious
rigid helices
siprilla
network for long multinucleate filaments
mycelium
organisms that are variable in shape
pleomorphic
flexible helices
spirochetes
when it comes to bacterial cell organization, all cells have a ___
plasmid
bacterial cell common features include cytoplasm and __
cell envelope
true or false: a cell wall is a membrane, not a layer
false
what are the three layers of a cell envelope
cell wall, plasma membrane, and layers outside the cell wall
absolute requirements for all living things and encompasses the cytoplasm
plasma membrane
what if you do not get enough amino acids through your diet?
they sacrifice proteins
molecules move from region of higher concentration to one lower concentration between the cell’s interior and exterior
passive diffusion
These 3 compounds often move across membranes through passive diffusion
H2O, O2, CO2
uses ion gradients to cotransport substances
Secondary Active Transport
why are bacteria cell wall important to cells?
keep from too much water coming in
why are bacteria cell wall important to us?
cell walls is what vaccines target to eliminate bacterial infection
composed primarily of peptidogylcan and may also contain teichoic acids
gram positive cell walls
which wil be more effective: penicillin or lysozymeses on non-dividing cells? why?
lysozymes because it works directly on the cell wall
complex protein/ RNA structures
ribosomes
why do bacteria have to divide instead of getting bigger?
due to changes in volume. they survive by diffusion so things have to diffuse in the cell. smaller the cell the easier to get the molecules where it needs to be.
amphipathic lipids contains
polar ends and non-polar tails
polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophilic?
polar ends
polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophobic?
non polar ends
membrane proteins
peripheral and intergal
loosely connected to membrane
peripheral
marcolements/ marconutrients found in organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
C, O, H, N, S, P
required in relatively large amounts. the cations serve in variety of roles including assisting enzymes and biosynthesis . Under macrocolements
K, Ca, Mg, and Fe
Growth factor classes includes:
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins
heme
integral is under membrane proteins are is ___ which is embedded within membrane and carries out important functions
amphipathic
true or false: peripheral, under membrane proteins, can be easily removed?
true
micronutrients work to assist enzymes which are called
cofactors
what are the REQUIRED MICROnutrients (trace elements)
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu
True or false: Micronutrients arent ubiquitous
false
similar to passive diffusion but the movement of molecules is NOT energy dependent
facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion direction of movement is from ___ concentration to ___ concentration
high to low
for facilitated diffusion, __ of concentration gradient impacts rate of ___
size, uptake
Facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it uses membrane bound carrier molecules called
permeases
facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it requires ___ concentration gradient for significant uptake of molecules
smaller
Secondary Active Transport uses ion gradients to cotransport substances, what are the three?
protons, symport, and antiport
list 3 of cell wall functions
maintains shape of bacterium, help protect cell from osmotic lysis & toxic material, and may contribute to pathogenicity
rigid structure lying just outside the cell plasma membrane
peptidoglycan
gram positive stains ___ and has a ___ peptidoglycan
purple, thick
gram negative stains ___ or red; has __ peptidoglycan and __ ___
pink, think, outer membrane
teichoic acids (negatively charged) help maintain ___, protect from environmental substances, and may bind to ___ ___
cell envelope, host cells
some gram- positive bacteria have layer of ___ on surface of peptidoglycan
proteins
gram stain reaction due to nature of what?
cell wall
shrinkage of the pores of peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cells prevents loss of ___ ___ during ___ step
crystal violet, decolorization
thinner ___ layer and ___ pores of gram NEGATIVE bacteria does not precent loss of crystal violet
peptidoglycan, larger
what can be used to remove/ extract some lipids from outer layer of gram-negative cell wall, making crystal violet dye removal easier
alcohol
homologs of all 3 ___ cytoskeletal elements have been identified in bacteria
eukaryotic
extrachromosomal DNA, found in bacteria/archaea/some fungi. usually small closed circular DNA molecules
plasmid
Plasmids exist and replicate independently of
Chromosome
short, thin, hair like protein appendages
Fimbria (s. fimbria); pili (s. pilus)
Fimbriae and Pili can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, and ___ uptake
DNA
longer, thicker, less numerous. required for conjugation
sex pili
sex pili has genes for formation on
plasmids
threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall
flagella
functions of flagella (3)
motility and swarming behavior
attachment to surfaces
may be virulence factors
thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be observed with bright field microscopes unless specially stained
bacterial flagella
rotates like a propeller; counter close wise rotation causes forward motion (run) and clock wise disrupts run causing cells to stop and tumblr
bacterial flagellar
