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Microbiology:BIsc 260 > Important (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Important (Exam 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lacks a true membrane- delimited nucleus

A

procaryotic cells

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2
Q

have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

A

eucaryotic cells

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3
Q

___ cells are more complex morphologically and are usually larger than ___ cells

A

eucaryotic, procaryotic

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4
Q

True or false: No viruses can live in a host in a life long infection

A

false

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5
Q

life on Earth maybe how old?

A

3.5 billion years old

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6
Q

For every A on one strand there’s a __ on the other

A

T

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7
Q

Bacteria & Archaea increases genetic pool by ___ genes transfer within the same ___

A

horizontal, generation

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8
Q

what was the result of Swan Neck Flask Experiment?

A

no growth of microorganism

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9
Q

Still used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease

A

Koch’s Postulates

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10
Q

preparation and staining of specimen increases ___ of specimens

A

visibility

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11
Q

makes internal and external structures of cell more visible by increasing contrast with the background

A

dyes

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12
Q

prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in ___ and simplicity

A

size

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13
Q

arrangement is determined by two things:

A

place of division and separation or not

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14
Q

divides microorganism into groups based on their staining properties

A

differential staining

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15
Q

___ stain used to detect presence or absence of structures

A

differential

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16
Q

Most widely used differential staining procedure

A

gram staining

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17
Q

gram staining dives bacteria into two groups, gram __ & gram __ based on difference in ___ structure

A

positive, negative, cell wall

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18
Q

heated, double- staining technique

A

endospore staining

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19
Q

true or false: bacterial endospore is one color and vegetative cell is a different color

A

true

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20
Q

used to visualize polysaccharide capsules surrounded bacteria

A

capsule stain

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21
Q

__ stained capsules maybe colrless against a strained background

A

negative

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22
Q

mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella

A

flagella staining

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23
Q

in electron microscopy, __ replace light as the ‘illuminating’ beam.

A

electron

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24
Q

__ __ of electron beam is much shorter than light, resulting in __ resolution

A

wave length, higher

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25
Q

allows for study of microbial morphology in great detail

A

electron microscopy

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26
Q

when it comes to transmission electron microscope, electrons scatter when they __ (A)through __(Aa) section of a specimen, however electrons __ (B) off of a __ (Bb) section

A

A: pass Aa: thin B: bounce Bb: thick

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27
Q

transmitted electrons are under vacuum which )) scatter and are used to produce clear image

A

reduces

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28
Q

__ regions in specimen scatter __ electrons and appear __

A

denser, more, darker

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29
Q

Cocci (S. coccus) is __ shaped

A

sphere

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30
Q

coccobacili, very short rods

A

bacili (S. bacillus)

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31
Q

resemble rods, comma shaped

A

vibrious

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32
Q

rigid helices

A

siprilla

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33
Q

network for long multinucleate filaments

A

mycelium

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34
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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35
Q

flexible helices

A

spirochetes

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36
Q

when it comes to bacterial cell organization, all cells have a ___

A

plasmid

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37
Q

bacterial cell common features include cytoplasm and __

A

cell envelope

38
Q

true or false: a cell wall is a membrane, not a layer

A

false

39
Q

what are the three layers of a cell envelope

A

cell wall, plasma membrane, and layers outside the cell wall

40
Q

absolute requirements for all living things and encompasses the cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

41
Q

what if you do not get enough amino acids through your diet?

A

they sacrifice proteins

42
Q

molecules move from region of higher concentration to one lower concentration between the cell’s interior and exterior

A

passive diffusion

43
Q

These 3 compounds often move across membranes through passive diffusion

A

H2O, O2, CO2

44
Q

uses ion gradients to cotransport substances

A

Secondary Active Transport

45
Q

why are bacteria cell wall important to cells?

A

keep from too much water coming in

46
Q

why are bacteria cell wall important to us?

A

cell walls is what vaccines target to eliminate bacterial infection

47
Q

composed primarily of peptidogylcan and may also contain teichoic acids

A

gram positive cell walls

48
Q

which wil be more effective: penicillin or lysozymeses on non-dividing cells? why?

A

lysozymes because it works directly on the cell wall

49
Q

complex protein/ RNA structures

A

ribosomes

50
Q

why do bacteria have to divide instead of getting bigger?

A

due to changes in volume. they survive by diffusion so things have to diffuse in the cell. smaller the cell the easier to get the molecules where it needs to be.

51
Q

amphipathic lipids contains

A

polar ends and non-polar tails

52
Q

polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophilic?

A

polar ends

53
Q

polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophobic?

A

non polar ends

54
Q

membrane proteins

A

peripheral and intergal

55
Q

loosely connected to membrane

A

peripheral

56
Q

marcolements/ marconutrients found in organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids

A

C, O, H, N, S, P

57
Q

required in relatively large amounts. the cations serve in variety of roles including assisting enzymes and biosynthesis . Under macrocolements

A

K, Ca, Mg, and Fe

58
Q

Growth factor classes includes:

A

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins
heme

59
Q

integral is under membrane proteins are is ___ which is embedded within membrane and carries out important functions

A

amphipathic

60
Q

true or false: peripheral, under membrane proteins, can be easily removed?

A

true

61
Q

micronutrients work to assist enzymes which are called

A

cofactors

62
Q

what are the REQUIRED MICROnutrients (trace elements)

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu

63
Q

True or false: Micronutrients arent ubiquitous

A

false

64
Q

similar to passive diffusion but the movement of molecules is NOT energy dependent

A

facilitated diffusion

65
Q

facilitated diffusion direction of movement is from ___ concentration to ___ concentration

A

high to low

66
Q

for facilitated diffusion, __ of concentration gradient impacts rate of ___

A

size, uptake

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it uses membrane bound carrier molecules called

A

permeases

68
Q

facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it requires ___ concentration gradient for significant uptake of molecules

A

smaller

69
Q

Secondary Active Transport uses ion gradients to cotransport substances, what are the three?

A

protons, symport, and antiport

70
Q

list 3 of cell wall functions

A

maintains shape of bacterium, help protect cell from osmotic lysis & toxic material, and may contribute to pathogenicity

71
Q

rigid structure lying just outside the cell plasma membrane

A

peptidoglycan

72
Q

gram positive stains ___ and has a ___ peptidoglycan

A

purple, thick

73
Q

gram negative stains ___ or red; has __ peptidoglycan and __ ___

A

pink, think, outer membrane

74
Q

teichoic acids (negatively charged) help maintain ___, protect from environmental substances, and may bind to ___ ___

A

cell envelope, host cells

75
Q

some gram- positive bacteria have layer of ___ on surface of peptidoglycan

A

proteins

76
Q

gram stain reaction due to nature of what?

A

cell wall

77
Q

shrinkage of the pores of peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cells prevents loss of ___ ___ during ___ step

A

crystal violet, decolorization

78
Q

thinner ___ layer and ___ pores of gram NEGATIVE bacteria does not precent loss of crystal violet

A

peptidoglycan, larger

79
Q

what can be used to remove/ extract some lipids from outer layer of gram-negative cell wall, making crystal violet dye removal easier

A

alcohol

80
Q

homologs of all 3 ___ cytoskeletal elements have been identified in bacteria

A

eukaryotic

81
Q

extrachromosomal DNA, found in bacteria/archaea/some fungi. usually small closed circular DNA molecules

A

plasmid

82
Q

Plasmids exist and replicate independently of

A

Chromosome

83
Q

short, thin, hair like protein appendages

A

Fimbria (s. fimbria); pili (s. pilus)

84
Q

Fimbriae and Pili can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, and ___ uptake

A

DNA

85
Q

longer, thicker, less numerous. required for conjugation

A

sex pili

86
Q

sex pili has genes for formation on

A

plasmids

87
Q

threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

A

flagella

88
Q

functions of flagella (3)

A

motility and swarming behavior
attachment to surfaces
may be virulence factors

89
Q

thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be observed with bright field microscopes unless specially stained

A

bacterial flagella

90
Q

rotates like a propeller; counter close wise rotation causes forward motion (run) and clock wise disrupts run causing cells to stop and tumblr

A

bacterial flagellar

Microbiology:BIsc 260 (18 decks)

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