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Microbiology:BIsc 260 > Chapter 10 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism total of a chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts, called:

A

catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

contribute to cycling of elements in ecosystem

A

microbial metabolism

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3
Q

synthesis of complex molecules

A

chemical work

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4
Q

take up of nutrients, elimination of wastes and maintenance of ion balances

A

transport work

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5
Q

cell motility and movement of structures within cells

A

mechanical work

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6
Q

a science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter called a system (e.g., a cell)

A

thermodynamics

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7
Q

total energy in universe remains constant,

however, energy may be redistributed either within a system or between the system and its surroundings

A

first law of thermodynamics

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8
Q

Physical and chemical processes proceed in such a way that the disorder of the universe increases to the maximum possible

A

second law of thermodynamics

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9
Q

amount of disorder in a system

A

entropy

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10
Q

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C

A

calorie

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11
Q

units of work capable of being done by a unit of energy

A

joules

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12
Q

1 cal of heat is equivalent to ___ J of work

A

4.1840

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13
Q

Expresses the change in energy that can occur in chemical reactions and other processes

A

free energy and reactions

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14
Q

if delta G is negative

A

reaction is spontaneous

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15
Q

if delta G is positive

A

reaction is non spontaneous

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16
Q
  • free energy change

- unit of energy available to do work

A

delta G

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17
Q

-change in enthalpy (heat content)

A

delta H

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18
Q
  • temp in kelvin

- change in entropy

A

T

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19
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

delta S

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20
Q

Free energy change defined at standard conditions of:

A

concentration, pressure, temperature, and pH

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21
Q

standard free energy change at what pH?

A

7

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22
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Delta G degrees is negative

reaction proceeds spontaneously

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23
Q

endergonic reactions

A

Delta G degrees is positive

reaction will not proceed spontaneously

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24
Q

The Energy Currency of the Cell

A

ATP

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25
Q

__ breakdown of high energy ATP is coupled with __reactions to make them more favorable

A

exergonic, endergonic

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26
Q

ATP is said to have a HIGH what?

A

phosphate transfer potential

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27
Q

it readily sends a __ ___ to other molecules

A

phosphate group

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28
Q

other molecules have higher phosphate transfer potential than __

A

ATP

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29
Q

ATP = __ and the phosphate from those molecules

A

ADP

30
Q

Located in plasma membranes of chemoorganotrophs in bacteria and archaeal cells

A

electron carriers

31
Q

Electron carriers located in internal mitochondrial membranes in ___ cells

A

eukaryotic

32
Q

main electron carriers located in plasma membranes of ___ in bacteria and archaeal cells

A

chemoorganotrophs

33
Q

NAD means

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

34
Q

NADP means

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

35
Q

FAD, FMN, coenzyme are all

A

additional electron carriers

36
Q

use iron to transfer electrons

A

cytochrome

37
Q

example of Nonheme iron-sulfur proteins

A

ferrodoxin

38
Q

in biochemical pathway__ can be linked together to form pathways

A

enzymes

39
Q

in biochemical pathway, Pathways can be varied in what shapes?

A

linear
cyclic
Branching

40
Q

biochemical Pathways often __ or __ into each other

A

overlap or feed

41
Q

biochemical pathways are dynamic pathways can be

used to monitor changes in __ levels (flux)

A

metabolite

42
Q

Carry out reactions at physiological conditions so they proceed in a timely manner

A

enzymes

43
Q

Enzymes speed up the rate at which a reaction proceeds toward its final ___

A

equilibrium

44
Q
  • high specificity for the reaction catalyzed and the molecules acted on
  • substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently altered
A

protein catalysts

45
Q

reacting molecules

A

substrates

46
Q

substances formed by reaction

A

products

47
Q

protein component of an enzyme

A

Apoenzyme

48
Q

nonprotein component of an enzyme

A

cofactor

49
Q

energy required to form transition-state complex

A

activation energy

50
Q

How enzymes lower Ea

A
  • By increasing concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme
  • By orienting substrates properly with respect to each other in order to form the transition-state complex
51
Q

Enzyme activity is significantly impacted by

A
  • substrate concentration
  • pH
  • temperature
52
Q

Rate increases as [substrate] increases or decreases?

A

increases

53
Q

No further increase occurs after all enzyme molecules are saturated with __

A

substrate

54
Q

loss of enzyme’s structure and activity when temperature and pH rise too much above optima

A

denaturation

55
Q

when it comes to enzyme inhibition, __ ___ directly competes with binding of substrate to active site

A

competitive inhibitor

56
Q
  • binds enzyme at site other than active site

- changes enzyme’s shape so that it becomes less active

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

57
Q

__ and __ discovered that some RNA molecules also can catalyze reactions

A

Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman

58
Q

Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman discovered that some RNA molecules also can catalyze reactions, some examples of that are:

A
  • catalyze peptide bond formation
  • self-splicing
  • involved in self-replication
59
Q

Important for conservation of energy and materialsq

A

regulation of metabolism

60
Q

When it comes to regulation of metabolism, Maintenance of metabolic balance despite changes in ___

A

environment

61
Q

When it comes to the regulation of metabolism, there are three major mechanisms:

A
  • metabolic channeling
  • regulation of the synthesis of a particular enzyme (transcriptional and translational)
  • direct stimulation or inhibition of the activity of a critical enzyme (post translational)
62
Q

Differential localization of enzymes and metabolites

A

metabolic channeling

63
Q

differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles

A

compartmentation

64
Q

can generate marked variations in metabolite concentrations

A

compartmentation

65
Q

when it comes to Post-Translational Regulation of Enzyme Activity, Two important reversible control measures are:

A
  • allosteric regulation

- covalent modification

66
Q

Reversible on and off switch

A

Covalent Modification of Enzymes

67
Q

covalent modification of enzymes, Addition or removal of a __ group (phosphate, methyl, adenyl

A

chemical

68
Q

Inhibition of one or more critical enzymes in a pathway regulates entire pathway

A

feedback inhibition

69
Q

catalyzes the slowest or rate-limiting reaction in the pathway

A

peacemaker enzyme

70
Q

Feedback Inhibition:

  • Each end product regulates its own branch of the ___
  • Each end product regulates the initial ___ enzyme
A

pathway, peacemaker

71
Q

different enzymes that catalyze same reaction

A

isoenzymes

Microbiology:BIsc 260 (18 decks)

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