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Microbiology:BIsc 260 > chapter 9 notes > Flashcards

chapter 9 notes Flashcards

all the notes from chapter 9

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1
Q

when it comes to protein synthesis inhibitors, many antibiotics bind specifically to the bacterial ___ where the binding can be 30s(small) or 50s(large) __ unit

A

ribosome;ribosomal

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2
Q

other antibiotics inhibit a step in __ ___

A

protein synthesis

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3
Q

what kind of antibiotics have large group all with a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars?

A

aminoglycoside

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4
Q

Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind to 30s ribosomal unit; interferes with protein synthesis by directly inhibiting the process and by causing misreading of the __ ___

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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5
Q

Aminoglycoside induced mutation (stop codon read through) as a therapeutic strategy for __ ___ __

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

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6
Q

cholrtetracycline and doxycline are under

A

tetracycline

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7
Q

have 4 ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached

A

tetracyclines

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8
Q

are broad spectrum, bacteria isolated

A

tetracyclines

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9
Q

tetracyclines combine with 30s ribosomal subunit where it inhibits the bind of inhibits bind of aminoacyl-tRNA molecules to the A site of the ___

A

ribosome

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10
Q

contains 12-22-carbon lactone rings linked to one or more sugars

A

macrolides

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11
Q

broad spectrum, usually bacteriostatic and binds to 23s of 50s ribosomal rRNA subunit (which it inhibits the peptide chain elongation)

A

erythromycin

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12
Q

used for patients allergic to penicillin

A

eryhtromycin

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13
Q

____ now is chemically synthesized. binds to 23s rRNA on 50s ribosomal subunit and inhibits __ ___ ___

A

chloramphenicol; peptidyl transferase reaction

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14
Q

toxic with numerous side effects so only used in life- threatening situations

A

chloramphenicol

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15
Q

interferes with protein synthesis in MICROBES

A

lincosamines

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16
Q

lincosamines are produced by what kind of bacteria?

A

streptomyces

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17
Q

lincosamines are used sparingly because they can support (indirectly) the growth of what bacteria that can result in other disease states?

A

C. difficile

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18
Q

Clindamycin is used to treat infections caused by __ ___ as well as some staphylococal and streptococcal infections

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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19
Q

metabolic antagonists acts as ___

A

antimetabolites

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20
Q

antimetabolites antagonize or block functioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key ___

A

enzymes

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21
Q

metabolic antagonists are structural ___

A

analogs

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22
Q

___ are molecules that are structurally similar to and compete with naturally occurring metabolic intermediates; blocks normal cell metabolism

A

analogs

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23
Q

Structurally related to sulfanilamide, a para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog

A

sulfonamides or sulfa drugs

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24
Q

When it comes to sulfa drugs, PABA is used for the synthesis of __ __ and is made by many __

A

folic acid, pathogens

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25
Q

sulfa drugs are selectively toxic due to competitive inhibition of:

A

folic acid synthesis enzymes

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26
Q

synthetic antibiotic that also interferes with folic acid production

A

trimethoprim

27
Q

Trimethoprim is broad spectrum and can be combined with __ ___ to increase efficiency of treatment: combination of these drugs blocks two steps in what pathway?

A

sulfa drugs, folic acid

28
Q

trimpethoprim has a variety of side effects including abdominal pain and __ reactions

A

photosensitive

29
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition has a variety of mechanisms including blocking:

A

DNA replication and transcription

30
Q

when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the transcription it actually causes inhibition of

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the DNA replication it actually inhibits of __ ___ and also of __ __

A

DNA polymerase and DNA helicase

32
Q

fewer effective agents cause of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells also (many have low therapeutic index and are toxic)

A

antifungal drugs

33
Q

when it comes to antifungal drugs easier to treat superficial mycoses than __ infections

A

systematic

34
Q

broad spectrum, synthetic drugs containing the 4-quinolone ring

A

quinolones

35
Q

___ acid first synthesized quinolone (1962)

A

nalidixic

36
Q

quinolones act by inhibiting bacterial __-___ and ___ II

A

DNA- gyrase and topisomerase

37
Q

example of superficial mycoses is

A

candida

38
Q

Superficial mycoses disrupt ___ permeability and inhibit ___l synthesis

A

membrane, sterol

39
Q

superficial mycoses disrupts __ __; may inhibit protein and DNA synthesis

A

mitotic spindle

40
Q

systemic mycoses 3 common drugs for treatment are:

A

amphoterian B, 5- flucytosine, and fluconazole

41
Q

what does the drug amphoterian B do?

A

binds sterols in membranes

42
Q

what does the drug 5-fluctyosine do?

A

disrupts RNA function

43
Q

what does the drug fluconazole do?

A

low side effects, used prophetically

44
Q

antiviral drug development has been slow due to its difficulty to specifically target __ ___

A

viral replication

45
Q

antiviral drugs currently used inhibits virus-specific __ ad life cycle processes

A

enzymes

46
Q

used to prevent influenza infections

A

amantidine

47
Q

how does amantidine work?

A

blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza virus

48
Q

anti-virus agent: a neuraminidase inhibitor

A

tamiflu

49
Q

inhibits neuraminidase

A

oseltamivir

50
Q

antiviral drugs for herpes virus :

A

acyclovir, Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine), Valacyclovir

, Ganciclovir, Foscarnet

51
Q

inhibits herpes virus DNA polyemerase; thymidine kinase

A

acyclovir

52
Q

inhibits herpes virus enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function

A

Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine)

53
Q

inhibits herpes virus DNA polymerase

A

Foscarnet

54
Q

inhibits viral DNA polymerase papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses iridoviruses, and poxviruses

A

HPMPC (cidofovir)

55
Q

nucleoside RT inhibitors

non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

A

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors

56
Q

mimic peptide bond that is normally attacked by the protease

A

Protease inhibitors

57
Q

prevent HIV entry into cells

A

Fusion inhibitors

58
Q

Most successful anti-HIV drugs are drug cocktails to curtail __

A

resistance

59
Q

The mechanism of drug action for many antiprotozoal drugs is or isnt known

A

isnt known

60
Q

examples of some antiprotozoal drugs

A
  • chloroquine and mefloquine
  • metronidazole
  • atovaquone
61
Q

some antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis are used against ___

A

protozoa

62
Q

chloroquine and mefloquine drugs are used for

A

malaria

63
Q

metronidazole drug is used for

A

Entamoeba infections

64
Q

atovaquone drug is used for

A

Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii

Microbiology:BIsc 260 (18 decks)

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