chapter 9 notes Flashcards
all the notes from chapter 9
when it comes to protein synthesis inhibitors, many antibiotics bind specifically to the bacterial ___ where the binding can be 30s(small) or 50s(large) __ unit
ribosome;ribosomal
other antibiotics inhibit a step in __ ___
protein synthesis
what kind of antibiotics have large group all with a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars?
aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind to 30s ribosomal unit; interferes with protein synthesis by directly inhibiting the process and by causing misreading of the __ ___
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Aminoglycoside induced mutation (stop codon read through) as a therapeutic strategy for __ ___ __
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
cholrtetracycline and doxycline are under
tetracycline
have 4 ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached
tetracyclines
are broad spectrum, bacteria isolated
tetracyclines
tetracyclines combine with 30s ribosomal subunit where it inhibits the bind of inhibits bind of aminoacyl-tRNA molecules to the A site of the ___
ribosome
contains 12-22-carbon lactone rings linked to one or more sugars
macrolides
broad spectrum, usually bacteriostatic and binds to 23s of 50s ribosomal rRNA subunit (which it inhibits the peptide chain elongation)
erythromycin
used for patients allergic to penicillin
eryhtromycin
____ now is chemically synthesized. binds to 23s rRNA on 50s ribosomal subunit and inhibits __ ___ ___
chloramphenicol; peptidyl transferase reaction
toxic with numerous side effects so only used in life- threatening situations
chloramphenicol
interferes with protein synthesis in MICROBES
lincosamines
lincosamines are produced by what kind of bacteria?
streptomyces
lincosamines are used sparingly because they can support (indirectly) the growth of what bacteria that can result in other disease states?
C. difficile
Clindamycin is used to treat infections caused by __ ___ as well as some staphylococal and streptococcal infections
Bacteroides fragilis
metabolic antagonists acts as ___
antimetabolites
antimetabolites antagonize or block functioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key ___
enzymes
metabolic antagonists are structural ___
analogs
___ are molecules that are structurally similar to and compete with naturally occurring metabolic intermediates; blocks normal cell metabolism
analogs
Structurally related to sulfanilamide, a para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog
sulfonamides or sulfa drugs
When it comes to sulfa drugs, PABA is used for the synthesis of __ __ and is made by many __
folic acid, pathogens
sulfa drugs are selectively toxic due to competitive inhibition of:
folic acid synthesis enzymes
synthetic antibiotic that also interferes with folic acid production
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim is broad spectrum and can be combined with __ ___ to increase efficiency of treatment: combination of these drugs blocks two steps in what pathway?
sulfa drugs, folic acid
trimpethoprim has a variety of side effects including abdominal pain and __ reactions
photosensitive
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition has a variety of mechanisms including blocking:
DNA replication and transcription
when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the transcription it actually causes inhibition of
RNA polymerase
when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the DNA replication it actually inhibits of __ ___ and also of __ __
DNA polymerase and DNA helicase
fewer effective agents cause of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells also (many have low therapeutic index and are toxic)
antifungal drugs
when it comes to antifungal drugs easier to treat superficial mycoses than __ infections
systematic
broad spectrum, synthetic drugs containing the 4-quinolone ring
quinolones
___ acid first synthesized quinolone (1962)
nalidixic
quinolones act by inhibiting bacterial __-___ and ___ II
DNA- gyrase and topisomerase
example of superficial mycoses is
candida
Superficial mycoses disrupt ___ permeability and inhibit ___l synthesis
membrane, sterol
superficial mycoses disrupts __ __; may inhibit protein and DNA synthesis
mitotic spindle
systemic mycoses 3 common drugs for treatment are:
amphoterian B, 5- flucytosine, and fluconazole
what does the drug amphoterian B do?
binds sterols in membranes
what does the drug 5-fluctyosine do?
disrupts RNA function
what does the drug fluconazole do?
low side effects, used prophetically
antiviral drug development has been slow due to its difficulty to specifically target __ ___
viral replication
antiviral drugs currently used inhibits virus-specific __ ad life cycle processes
enzymes
used to prevent influenza infections
amantidine
how does amantidine work?
blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza virus
anti-virus agent: a neuraminidase inhibitor
tamiflu
inhibits neuraminidase
oseltamivir
antiviral drugs for herpes virus :
acyclovir, Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine), Valacyclovir
, Ganciclovir, Foscarnet
inhibits herpes virus DNA polyemerase; thymidine kinase
acyclovir
inhibits herpes virus enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function
Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine)
inhibits herpes virus DNA polymerase
Foscarnet
inhibits viral DNA polymerase papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses iridoviruses, and poxviruses
HPMPC (cidofovir)
nucleoside RT inhibitors
non-nucleoside RT inhibitors
Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors
mimic peptide bond that is normally attacked by the protease
Protease inhibitors
prevent HIV entry into cells
Fusion inhibitors
Most successful anti-HIV drugs are drug cocktails to curtail __
resistance
The mechanism of drug action for many antiprotozoal drugs is or isnt known
isnt known
examples of some antiprotozoal drugs
- chloroquine and mefloquine
- metronidazole
- atovaquone
some antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis are used against ___
protozoa
chloroquine and mefloquine drugs are used for
malaria
metronidazole drug is used for
Entamoeba infections
atovaquone drug is used for
Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii
