chapter 11 Flashcards
the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called
metabolism
___ __ is a process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2 using the glycolytic pathways and TCA cycle with O2 as the terminal electron acceptor for an electron transport chain
aerobic respiration
the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden- Meyerhoff pathway in prokaryotes is
two
___ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically
amphibolic
the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized to pyruvate using Entner- Doudoroff pathway is
one
the pentose phosphate pathway produces
Co2, NADPH, gylceraldehyde 3- phosphate
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, when coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called __ phosphorylation
substrate- level
the most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is
embden- meyerhoff
the TCA cycle generates all of the following from each acetyl- CoA molecule oxidized except: 3 NADH molecules, 2 CO2 moleules, one FADH2 molecule, or 2 ATP or GTP molecules
two ATP or GTP molecules
the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate to form one CO2 and
acetyl-CoA
after glycolysis, pyrvuate is oxidized to one CO2 and the two- carbon molecule acetyl-CoA by a multienzyme system called the __ __ complex
pyruvate dehydrogenase
TCA cycle enzymes are found in the __ __ of eukaryotic cells
mitochondrial matrix
in the TCA cycle two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of __ thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle
carbon dioxide
in the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __ are added to oxaloaccetate at the start of the cycle
acetyl-CoA
the major function(s) of the TCA cycle is
energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components
when mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, a theoretical maximum of __ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced
three
the hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __ hypothesis
chemiosmotic
the most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __ hypothesis
chemiosmotic
differences between mitochondrial and E. coli electron transport chains include:
the E. coli chain contains a different array of cytochromes
which of the following is NOT true regarding ATP synthases? A. they require proton motive force to make ATP B. they span the inner membrane of mitochondria C. the proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis D. the subunits of ATP synthesis undergo conformational changes during ATP production
C. the proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis
the theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is
32
production of ATP using the energy liberated when electrons from reduced chemicals chemical bonds are passed through the electron transport system is generally referred to as
respiration
mitochondrial electron transport take place
on the inner mitochondrial membrane
in higher eukayrotes, most aerobically generated ATP is produced by
a membrane bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosporylation
the number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to O2 is called
the P/O ratio
in aerobic conditions, it takes __ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions
less
when cells of a falcultative anaerobe such as Paracoccus definitions are growing under anaerobic conditions and using nitrate as the terminal electoral acceptor, ___ nitrate reduction is occurring.
dissimilarity
what can be used as electrons receptors during anaerobic respiration?
nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide
organisms that form lactate, ethanol, and CO2 as end products of glucose metabolism are called ___ fermenters
heterolactic
organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called __ fermenters
homolactic
large external polysaccharides are degraded by bacteria and archaea using __ ___ which secrete these substance outside the cell
hydrolytic enzymes
