chapter 11

Question 1

the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

___ __ is a process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2 using the glycolytic pathways and TCA cycle with O2 as the terminal electron acceptor for an electron transport chain

Answer 2

aerobic respiration

Question 3

the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden- Meyerhoff pathway in prokaryotes is

Answer 3

two

Question 4

___ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically

Answer 4

amphibolic

Question 5

the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized to pyruvate using Entner- Doudoroff pathway is

Answer 5

one

Question 6

the pentose phosphate pathway produces

Answer 6

Co2, NADPH, gylceraldehyde 3- phosphate

Question 7

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, when coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called __ phosphorylation

Answer 7

substrate- level

Question 8

the most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is

Answer 8

embden- meyerhoff

Question 9

the TCA cycle generates all of the following from each acetyl- CoA molecule oxidized except: 3 NADH molecules, 2 CO2 moleules, one FADH2 molecule, or 2 ATP or GTP molecules

Answer 9

two ATP or GTP molecules

Question 10

the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate to form one CO2 and

Answer 10

acetyl-CoA

Question 11

after glycolysis, pyrvuate is oxidized to one CO2 and the two- carbon molecule acetyl-CoA by a multienzyme system called the __ __ complex

Answer 11

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 12

TCA cycle enzymes are found in the __ __ of eukaryotic cells

Answer 12

mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

in the TCA cycle two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of __ thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle

Answer 13

carbon dioxide

Question 14

in the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __ are added to oxaloaccetate at the start of the cycle

Answer 14

acetyl-CoA

Question 15

the major function(s) of the TCA cycle is

Answer 15

energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components

Question 16

when mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, a theoretical maximum of __ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced

Answer 16

three

Question 17

the hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __ hypothesis

Answer 17

chemiosmotic

Question 18

the most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __ hypothesis

Answer 18

chemiosmotic

Question 19

differences between mitochondrial and E. coli electron transport chains include:

Answer 19

the E. coli chain contains a different array of cytochromes

Question 20

which of the following is NOT true regarding ATP synthases? A. they require proton motive force to make ATP B. they span the inner membrane of mitochondria C. the proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis D. the subunits of ATP synthesis undergo conformational changes during ATP production

Answer 20

C. the proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis

Question 21

the theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is

Answer 21

32

Question 22

production of ATP using the energy liberated when electrons from reduced chemicals chemical bonds are passed through the electron transport system is generally referred to as

Answer 22

respiration

Question 23

mitochondrial electron transport take place

Answer 23

on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

in higher eukayrotes, most aerobically generated ATP is produced by

Answer 24

a membrane bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosporylation

Question 25

the number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to O2 is called

Answer 25

the P/O ratio

Question 26

in aerobic conditions, it takes __ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions

Answer 26

less

Question 27

when cells of a falcultative anaerobe such as Paracoccus definitions are growing under anaerobic conditions and using nitrate as the terminal electoral acceptor, ___ nitrate reduction is occurring.

Answer 27

dissimilarity

Question 28

what can be used as electrons receptors during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide

Question 29

organisms that form lactate, ethanol, and CO2 as end products of glucose metabolism are called ___ fermenters

Answer 29

heterolactic

Question 30

organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called __ fermenters

Answer 30

homolactic

Question 31

large external polysaccharides are degraded by bacteria and archaea using __ ___ which secrete these substance outside the cell

Answer 31

hydrolytic enzymes