Important evidence (Tudors) Flashcards
Treaty of Medina del Campo
1489
Spain and England
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
The treaty arranged a marriage between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
Treaty of Etaples
1492
Peace settlement between England and France
Charles withdrew support for Perkin Warbeck and paid a pension to Henry
Trade Embargo with Burgundy
1493
Intercursus Magnus
1496
England and Burgundy
End the trade embargo
Treaty of Ayton
1497
England and Scotland
Immediate truce after Cornish rebellion
Led to James IV ending support for Warbeck
Treaty of Windsor
1506
England, Spain and Burgundy
Intercursus Malus
Earl of Suffolk returned to England
Proposed marriage between Henry and Philip’s sister, Margaret
Acts of Attainder
1485-87
56 Acts passed
Noble families lost right to inherit land
Could financially ruin families
Were reversible
7th Parliament
1504
Granted Henry only £40,000 instead of £90,000
How did Henry VII reward the nobility
Patronage: Earl of Oxford became major land owner in East Anglia
37 Knights of Garter created
Battle of Stoke Field
1487
Lambert Simnel (claiming to be Earl of Warwick) and Earl of Lincoln (leader of Yorkist party)
Margaret of Burgundy supplied 2000 mercenaries
Henry’s 12,000 men defeat 8000 rebel army
Earl of Lincoln killed in battle
Yorkshire rebellion
1489
Sparked by resentment over tax granted by parliament
Rebels murdered Earl of Northumberland
Cornish rebellion
1497
15,000 rebels marched to Blackheath
Easily suppressed
Led to Treaty of Ayton
Cloth trade (Henry VII)
90% of export revenues
60% increase in the volume of cloth exports
Example of a noble who was financially ruined after illegally retaining
1506
Lord Burgavenny
Fined £70,000
Renewal of Treaty of Etaples
1510
England and France
To seek continuation of peace with France
Battle of Spurs
1513
Captured Therouanne and Tournai
Nothing more than a little Skirmish but claimed as a ‘stunning victory
Battle of Flodden
1513
James IV killed leaving throne in hands of infant James V
Henry did not capitalise on fragile position of Scottish throne
How were Henry’s military adventures of 1513 unsuccessful
Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to finance it
Renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai sold back to France for a price less than the English had paid to repair defences after the initial siege
Treaty of Cambrai
1517
HRE and France establish peace
Caused England to be dangerously isolated in Europe
Field of Cloth of Gold
1520
Cost Henry £15,000
Extravagant diplomatic encounter
Achieved little diplomatically
Contradicted by Treaty of Bruges
Treaty of Bruges
1521
England and HRE
To improve Henrys relations with Pope who wanted reduced French control over Italy
To get a marriage alliance between Emperor and Henry’s daughter, Mary
Outcome of Treaty of Bruges
English armies invaded northern France in 1522 and 1523
Charles cancelled the marriage agreement with Mary
Treaty of Amiens
1527
England and France
An anti-imperial alliance was made
To strengthen England’s weak position
Battle of Solway Moss
1542
Scots heavily defeated
James V died shortly after - leaving 1 week old Mary as heir
How was the success of Solway Moss limited
Neglected opportunity to secure policy through military force
Battle of Ancrum Moor
1545
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England
English defeated
Outcome of Battle of Ancrum Moor
French failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of Northern England never materialised
Peace agreed in 1546
How much money did Henry spend on French campaigns from 1509-1525, and then by the end of his reign?
1509-1525: £1.4 million
£3.5 million
Enclosures Act
1515
188 prosecutions
Abandoned in 1523 as a compromise for subsidy
Reform of Star Chamber
1516
Designed to challenge corruption and abuse of power of Nobility
1685 cases
10x number under Henry VII
Fourth parliament (Henry VIII)
1523
Granted Wolsey £150,000
£800,000 was requested
Resistance to amicable grant
1525
Additional tax Wolsey demanded
To fund Henry’s war in France
10,000 resisted payment in Essex/Suffolk
Abandoned by Henry
Eltham Ordinances
1526
Privy chamber cut from 12 to 6
Groom of stool removed
Money saved of little significance
Wolsey strengthened his position of influence
Court of Chancery
Wolsey heard 7526 cases
Improved access to justice for the poor
Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths
1534
The annates paid by a bishop to the pope now were paid to the king
To increase the financial burdens on the clergy
Act of Supremacy
1534
Gave legislative force to royal supremacy
Made Henry Supreme Head of the Church in England
To establish royal supremacy
Law in Wales Act
1536
Divided Wales into shire counties
Shires had direct representation in the House of Commons
To bring Wales under English control
Council of North reformed
1537
Responsible for maintenance of law and order
Increased power of Henry and North starts to feel power of Crown more directly
War against France financial cost vs financial gain
Cost: £3,400,000
Gained: £730,000
What were the motives behind the Pilgrimage of Grace
Dissolution of Monasteries:
Loss of charitable and educational functions
Fear that North would be impoverished by land falling to Southerners
Pilgrimage of Grace
1536
10,000 rebels took York
Overall 30,000 men including clergy, nobility and commoners
Risings in Northumberland and Durham
Henry falsely promised to restore monasteries
Leading to disperse of rebels
Significance of Pilgrimage of Grace
Large number of participation
Geographically widespread across North
Participation of numerous social classes
Act of Ten Articles
1536
Catholic ‘Seven Sacraments’ rejected
Left only baptism, Eucharist and penance
Clear move towards protestantism
Act of Dissolution of Lesser Monastries
1536
Smaller monasteries worth under £200 were closed down
The King’s Book
1543
Revised Bishop’s Book
Defended transubstantiation and Six Articles
Written by Henry himself
Act of Six Articles
1539
Confirmed:
Transubstantiation
Private Masses
Banned:
Taking communion in both kinds
Radical shift towards Catholicism
Chantries dissolution
1547
Allowed for dissolution of chantries
Worth £600,000
Anne Askew
1545
Burned for denying transubstantiation
Evidence of Henry’s commitment to parts of Catholicism
What happened to grain prices under Henry VIII
Doubled
Between 1510-1530
Increased farming income
How did 2 specific towns economically suffer under Henry VIII
1/2 Coventry and 1/3 Yarmouth
Recorded as having no personal wealth
What % of people lived off land and subsistence farming under Henry VIII
90%
Policy of garrisoning in Scotland
1547
25 garrisons established
Poorly defended garrisons were useless when 10,000 French troops invaded in 1548
Battle of Pinkie
1547
Henry II sent 4000 troops to Scotland
Somerset launched an invasion of Scotland
Decisive English victory
MQS taken to France
1548
Garrisons failed to intervene
Removed most important reason for English presence in Scotland
How much did Somerset spend on garrisoning
£351,000
Treaty of Boulogne
1550
France paid £133,333 for Boulogne
French agreed to remove all their remaining men from Scotland
Significance of Boulogne
Militarily and strategically useless
Humiliating abandonment of Henry VIII’s triumph
Expensive to maintain
Vagrancy Act
1547
Able bodied persons who were out of work for 3 days
Branded with V and sold into slavery for 2 years
To clamp down on increasing poor and disorder
Enclosure commission established
1548
Proclamations issued enforcing all statutes against enclosure for grazing
Coup against Somerset
1549
2500 troops for conservatives
Somerset surrendered and was imprisoned
Motives of coup against Somerset
He had alienated many councillors due to his high-handed management
Leading catholic Earl: Arundel and Southampton opposed to religious reforms
Western rebellion motives
- Demanded reintroduction of Catholicism
- Unfamiliarity of new protestant practices
- Peasants resented sheep tax
How many people were killed during the Western rebellion 1549
3000
Chantries Act
1547
Led to Chantries dissolved
Destroyed the key Catholic practice of connecting with the dead
Chantries worth £600,000
Royal Injunctions
1547
Attacked features of catholicism: lights, images
Services had to be conducted in English
Reflected radical attitudes in government
Book of Common Prayer
1549
Written by Cramner
Included: Transubstantiation and communion of both kinds
Services in English
No prayers for dead
Second Book of Common Prayer
1552
More radical
Removed traces of mass
Reform of communion - wafer replaced by bread
Altars replaced by Communion tables
Example of how the Second Book of Common Prayer was highly protestant
Clearly established a Eucharist ceremony in line with Calvin’s belief in ‘spiritual presence’
Marriage of Mary & Philip
1554
Phillip had no royal power in England
Increased xenophobia
English defeat in France (Mary)
1558
2000 English defeated by 27,000 French troops
Calais lost
Evidence of existence of catholicism
In 1553
Alters rebuilt in Melton Mowbray
Mass held in Bishopsgate
First statute of repeal
1553
Undid Edwardian reformation
Revived mass and belief in transubstantiation
Heresy Laws
1554
Defined many as heretics
Promised monastic lands would not be restored to Church ownership
To root out heretics
Second Act of Repeal
1554
Undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529
Therefore undid Henrician reformation
Third Act of Repeal
1555
Mary gives up title of Supreme Head of Church of England
Revoke royal supremacy
Wyatt’s rebellion motives
Xenophobia to Philip
Decline of cloth industry in Kent
Wyatt’s rebellion
Sir Thomas Wyatt raised 2500 armed men
Reached Ludgate, 1/2 a km from Queen
90 rebels executed
Insignificance of Wyatt’s rebellion
Little support from common people - political conspiracy among elites
Disease during Mary’s reign
Disease epidemic killed 5-25% of population
Streamlined Council (Henry VIII)
1536
20/70 councillors conducted daily business of government
How many noble families payed bonds and recognizances to Henry
36/62 noble families
